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During the 20th century, the world experienced an unprecedented rise in people's cognitive abilities. IQs increased 30 points (with the average IQ remaining 100 only because publishers reset the "average" on their tests). Yet, society's ability to confront serious problems in the world seems as challenged as ever. Problems such as air pollution, global climate change, increasing disparity of incomes, disputes that never seem to move toward resolution (such as between the Israelis and Palestinians), and increasing antibiotic resistance-all of these and many other problems seem to defy us, despite our elevated IQs. Why are there so many serious problems still confronting the world? Why is IQ insufficient for solving serious problems where differences in people's interests are at stake? How can intelligence, broadly defined, help us to create a better world and solve the seemingly intractable problems the world confronts? The essays in this book address these questions and provide some directions for answers.

Human information processing. --- Information processing, Human --- Bionics --- Information theory in psychology --- Perception

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Optimized interaction of the brain with environment requires the four-dimensional representation of space-time in the neuronal circuits. Information processing is an important part of this interaction, which is critically dependent on time-dimension. Information processing has played an important role in the evolution of mammals, and has reached a level of critical importance in the lives of primates, particularly the humans. The entanglement of time-dimension with information processing in the brain is not clearly understood at present. Time-dimension in physical world – the environment of an organism – can be represented by the interval of a pendulum swing (the cover page depicts temporal unit with the help of a swinging pendulum). Temporal units in neural processes are represented by regular activities of pacemaker neurons, tonic regular activities of proprioceptors and periodic fluctuations in the excitability of neurons underlying brain oscillations. Moreover, temporal units may be representationally associated with time-bins containing bits of information (see the Editorial), which may be studied to understand the entanglement of time-dimension with neural information processing. The optimized interaction of the brain with environment requires the calibration of neural temporal units. Neural temporal units are calibrated as a result of feedback processes occurring during the interaction of an organism with environment. Understanding the role of time-dimension in the brain information processing requires a multidisciplinary approach, which would include psychophysics, single cell studies and brain recordings. Although this Special Issue has helped us move forward on some fronts, including theoretical understanding of calibration of time-information in neural circuits, and the role of brain oscillations in timing functions and integration of asynchronous sensory information, further advancements are needed by developing correct computational tools to resolve the relationship between dynamic, hierarchical neural oscillatory structures that form during the brain’s interaction with environment.

Human information processing. --- Brain. --- Cognition. --- beta oscillations --- temporal control of action --- temporal processing of sensory information --- schizophrenia --- representation of time-dimension in the brain --- timing action --- MMN

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The field of spatial hearing has exploded in the decade or so since Jens Blauert's classic work on acoustics was first published in English. This revised edition adds a new chapter that describes developments in such areas as auditory virtual reality (an important field of application that is based mainly on the physics of spatial hearing), binaural technology (modeling speech enhancement by binaural hearing), and spatial sound-field mapping. The chapter also includes recent research on the precedence effect that provides clear experimental evidence that cognition plays a significant role in spatial hearing. The remaining four chapters in this comprehensive reference cover auditory research procedures and psychometric methods, spatial hearing with one sound source, spatial hearing with multiple sound sources and in enclosed spaces, and progress and trends from 1972 (the first German edition) to 1983 (the first English edition)—work that includes research on the physics of the external ear, and the application of signal processing theory to modeling the spatial hearing process. There is an extensive bibliography of more than 900 items.

Affective and dynamic functions --- Vibrations --- Physiology of nerves and sense organs --- Directional hearing. --- Directional hearing --- Psychoacoustics --- Sound Localization --- Auditory Perception --- Psychophysics --- Perception --- Audiometry --- Mental Processes --- Behavioral Disciplines and Activities --- Behavioral Sciences --- Hearing Tests --- Diagnostic Techniques and Procedures --- Diagnostic Techniques, Otological --- Diagnosis --- Psychiatry and Psychology --- Psychological Phenomena and Processes --- Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment --- Neuroscience --- Human Anatomy & Physiology --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Audition directionnelle. --- Antemortem Diagnosis --- Diagnoses and Examinations --- Examinations and Diagnoses --- Postmortem Diagnosis --- Diagnose --- Antemortem Diagnoses --- Diagnoses --- Diagnoses, Antemortem --- Diagnoses, Postmortem --- Diagnosis, Antemortem --- Diagnosis, Postmortem --- Postmortem Diagnoses --- Disease --- Diagnostic Technic, Otological --- Diagnostic Technics, Otologic --- Diagnostic Technics, Otological --- Diagnostic Technique, Otological --- Diagnostic Techniques, Otologic --- Otological Diagnostic Technic --- Otological Diagnostic Technics --- Otological Diagnostic Technique --- Otological Diagnostic Techniques --- Technic, Otological Diagnostic --- Technics, Otological Diagnostic --- Technique, Otological Diagnostic --- Techniques, Otological Diagnostic --- Diagnostic Technic, Otologic --- Diagnostic Technique, Otologic --- Otologic Diagnostic Technic --- Otologic Diagnostic Technics --- Otologic Diagnostic Technique --- Otologic Diagnostic Techniques --- Technic, Otologic Diagnostic --- Technics, Otologic Diagnostic --- Technique, Otologic Diagnostic --- Techniques, Otologic Diagnostic --- Diagnostic Technics and Procedures --- Technics and Procedures, Diagnostic --- Techniques and Procedures, Diagnostic --- Diagnostic Testing --- Testing, Diagnostic --- Sensitivity and Specificity --- Hearing Test --- Test, Hearing --- Tests, Hearing --- Proxemics --- Behavioral Science --- Proxemic --- Science, Behavioral --- Sciences, Behavioral --- Human Information Processing --- Information Processing, Human --- Audiometries --- Auditory Threshold --- Sensory Processing --- Processing, Sensory --- Sensation --- Psychophysic --- Auditory Processing --- Perception, Auditory --- Processing, Auditory --- Auditory Perceptual Disorders --- Hearing --- Auditory Localization --- Auditory Localizations --- Localization, Auditory --- Localization, Sound --- Localizations, Auditory --- Localizations, Sound --- Sound Localizations --- Psychoacoustic --- Acoustics --- Auditory localization --- Sound, Localization of --- Sound localization (Physiology) --- Auditory scene analysis --- diagnosis --- methods --- Psychiatry --- Psychological Phenomena --- Therapeutics --- Psychiatrists --- Psychiatrist --- Therapy --- Treatment --- Therapeutic --- Therapies --- Treatments --- Psychologic Processes --- Psychologic Processes and Principles --- Psychological Processes --- Phenomena, Psychological --- Processes, Psychologic --- Processes, Psychological --- Psychological Phenomenas --- Psychological Processe --- therapy --- Neurology and clinical neurophysiology --- Hearing in Noise Test --- Quick Speech-in Noise Test (QuickSIN) --- Real Ear Measurement --- Speech in Noise Hearing Test --- Ear Measurement, Real --- Ear Measurements, Real --- Measurement, Real Ear --- Measurements, Real Ear --- Quick Speech in Noise Test (QuickSIN) --- Real Ear Measurements

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This report examines issues surrounding the establishment of a national patient outcomes database that would be used by patients and providers to make more informed treatment decisions. It focuses on prostate cancer and surgery for osteoarthritis. The authors conclude that such longitudinal databases would be both desirable and feasible but would require substantial resources.

Outcome assessment (Medical care) - Databases - United States. --- Treatment Outcome --- Databases as Topic --- Patient Participation --- Decision Making --- Consumer Participation --- Outcome Assessment (Health Care) --- Thinking --- Information Storage and Retrieval --- Prognosis --- Patient Acceptance of Health Care --- Information Systems --- Mental Processes --- Diagnosis --- Outcome and Process Assessment (Health Care) --- Consumer Organizations --- Attitude to Health --- Information Science --- Medical Informatics Applications --- Community Health Services --- Health Care Evaluation Mechanisms --- Health Services --- Psychological Phenomena and Processes --- Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment --- Medical Informatics --- Delivery of Health Care --- Quality of Health Care --- Organizations --- Psychiatry and Psychology --- Health Care Economics and Organizations --- Health Care Quality, Access, and Evaluation --- Health Care Facilities, Manpower, and Services --- Health Services Administration --- Health Care --- Medical Research --- Medicine --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Community Participation --- Administration, Health Services --- Healthcare Facilities, Manpower, and Services --- Healthcare Quality, Access, and Evaluation --- Healthcare Economics and Organizations --- Community-Based Distribution --- Contraceptive Distribution --- Delivery of Healthcare --- Dental Care Delivery --- Distribution, Non-Clinical --- Distribution, Nonclinical --- Distributional Activities --- Healthcare --- Healthcare Delivery --- Healthcare Systems --- Non-Clinical Distribution --- Nonclinical Distribution --- Delivery of Dental Care --- Health Care Delivery --- Health Care Systems --- Activities, Distributional --- Activity, Distributional --- Care, Health --- Community Based Distribution --- Community-Based Distributions --- Contraceptive Distributions --- Deliveries, Healthcare --- Delivery, Dental Care --- Delivery, Health Care --- Delivery, Healthcare --- Distribution, Community-Based --- Distribution, Contraceptive --- Distribution, Non Clinical --- Distributional Activity --- Distributions, Community-Based --- Distributions, Contraceptive --- Distributions, Non-Clinical --- Distributions, Nonclinical --- Health Care System --- Healthcare Deliveries --- Healthcare System --- Non Clinical Distribution --- Non-Clinical Distributions --- Nonclinical Distributions --- System, Health Care --- System, Healthcare --- Systems, Health Care --- Systems, Healthcare --- Non-Governmental Organizations --- Nongovernmental Organizations --- Organizations, Nongovernmental --- Non Governmental Organizations --- Non-Governmental Organization --- Nongovernmental Organization --- Organization --- Organization, Non-Governmental --- Organization, Nongovernmental --- Organizations, Non-Governmental --- Quality of Care --- Quality of Healthcare --- Care Qualities --- Care Quality --- Health Care Quality --- Healthcare Quality --- Computer Science, Medical --- Health Information Technology --- Informatics, Clinical --- Informatics, Medical --- Information Science, Medical --- Clinical Informatics --- Medical Computer Science --- Medical Information Science --- Health Information Technologies --- Information Technologies, Health --- Information Technology, Health --- Medical Computer Sciences --- Medical Information Sciences --- Science, Medical Computer --- Technologies, Health Information --- Technology, Health Information --- Psychologic Processes and Principles --- Services, Health --- Health Service --- Service, Health --- Healthcare Evaluation Mechanisms --- Evaluation Mechanism, Healthcare --- Evaluation Mechanisms, Healthcare --- Healthcare Evaluation Mechanism --- Mechanism, Healthcare Evaluation --- Mechanisms, Healthcare Evaluation --- Community Healthcare --- Health Services, Community --- Services, Community Health --- Community Health Care --- Care, Community Health --- Community Health Service --- Community Healthcares --- Health Care, Community --- Health Service, Community --- Healthcare, Community --- Healthcares, Community --- Service, Community Health --- Application, Medical Informatics --- Applications, Medical Informatics --- Informatics Applications, Medical --- Informatics Application, Medical --- Medical Informatics Application --- Information Sciences --- Science, Information --- Sciences, Information --- Health Attitude --- Attitude, Health --- Attitudes, Health --- Health Attitudes --- Health, Attitude to --- Organizations, Consumer --- Consumer Organization --- Organization, Consumer --- Donabedian Model --- Donabedian Triad --- Outcome and Process Assessment --- Structure Process Outcome Triad --- Model, Donabedian --- Triad, Donabedian --- Antemortem Diagnosis --- Diagnoses and Examinations --- Examinations and Diagnoses --- Postmortem Diagnosis --- Antemortem Diagnoses --- Diagnoses --- Diagnoses, Antemortem --- Diagnoses, Postmortem --- Diagnosis, Antemortem --- Diagnosis, Postmortem --- Postmortem Diagnoses --- Disease --- Human Information Processing --- Information Processing, Human --- Ancillary Information Systems --- Data Systems --- Emergency Care Information Systems --- Information Retrieval Systems --- Ancillary Information System --- Data System --- Information Retrieval System --- Information System --- Information System, Ancillary --- Information Systems, Ancillary --- System, Ancillary Information --- System, Data --- System, Information --- System, Information Retrieval --- Systems, Ancillary Information --- Systems, Data --- Systems, Information --- Systems, Information Retrieval --- Prognostic Factors --- Factor, Prognostic --- Factors, Prognostic --- Prognoses --- Prognostic Factor --- Data Files --- Data Linkage --- Data Retrieval --- Data Sources --- Data Storage --- Data Storage and Retrieval --- Information Extraction --- Information Storage --- Machine-Readable Data Files --- Information Retrieval --- Data File --- Data File, Machine-Readable --- Data Files, Machine-Readable --- Data Source --- Extraction, Information --- Files, Machine-Readable Data --- Information Extractions --- Machine Readable Data Files --- Machine-Readable Data File --- Retrieval, Data --- Storage, Data --- Critical Thinking --- Thinking Skills --- Thinking Skill --- Thinking, Critical --- Assessment, Outcomes --- Outcome Measures --- Outcome Studies --- Outcomes Assessment --- Outcomes Research --- Assessment, Outcome (Health Care) --- Assessments, Outcome (Health Care) --- Assessments, Outcomes --- Measure, Outcome --- Measures, Outcome --- Outcome Assessments (Health Care) --- Outcome Measure --- Outcome Study --- Outcomes Assessments --- Research, Outcomes --- Studies, Outcome --- Study, Outcome --- Community Involvement --- Public Participation --- Community Action --- Consumer Involvement --- Action, Community --- Actions, Community --- Community Actions --- Community Involvements --- Consumer Involvements --- Involvement, Community --- Involvement, Consumer --- Involvements, Community --- Participation, Community --- Participation, Consumer --- Participation, Public --- Decision Making, Shared --- Decision Makings, Shared --- Making, Shared Decision --- Makings, Shared Decision --- Shared Decision Making --- Shared Decision Makings --- Patient Activation --- Patient Empowerment --- Patient Engagement --- Patient Involvement --- Patient Participation Rates --- Activation, Patient --- Empowerment, Patient --- Engagement, Patient --- Involvement, Patient --- Participation Rate, Patient --- Participation Rates, Patient --- Participation, Patient --- Patient Participation Rate --- Data Banks as Topic --- Data Bases as Topic --- Databanks as Topic --- Clinical Effectiveness --- Clinical Efficacy --- Patient-Relevant Outcome --- Treatment Efficacy --- Rehabilitation Outcome --- Treatment Effectiveness --- Clinical Effectivenesses --- Effectiveness, Clinical --- Effectiveness, Treatment --- Effectivenesses, Clinical --- Efficacy, Clinical --- Efficacy, Treatment --- Outcome, Patient-Relevant --- Outcome, Rehabilitation --- Outcome, Treatment --- Outcomes, Patient-Relevant --- Patient Relevant Outcome --- Patient-Relevant Outcomes --- Acceptability of Healthcare --- Acceptors of Health Care --- Health Care Utilization --- Nonacceptors of Health Care --- Patient Acceptance of Healthcare --- Acceptability of Health Care --- Health Care Seeking Behavior --- Care Acceptor, Health --- Care Acceptors, Health --- Care Nonacceptor, Health --- Care Nonacceptors, Health --- Health Care Acceptability --- Health Care Acceptor --- Health Care Acceptors --- Health Care Nonacceptor --- Health Care Nonacceptors --- Healthcare Acceptabilities --- Healthcare Acceptability --- Healthcare Patient Acceptance --- Healthcare Patient Acceptances --- Utilization, Health Care --- organization & administration --- diagnosis --- Pharmacy Audit --- Audit, Pharmacy --- Pharmacy Audits --- Health Informatics --- Informatics, Health --- Computational Biology --- Biomedical Technology --- American Recovery and Reinvestment Act --- Psychologic Processes --- Psychological Processes --- Phenomena, Psychological --- Processes, Psychologic --- Processes, Psychological --- Psychological Phenomenas --- Psychological Processe --- Public Health Administration --- Social Work --- Community Health Planning --- Biomedical Engineering --- Public Opinion --- Thought --- Thoughts --- Political Activism --- Patient Care Planning --- Problem Solving --- Refusal to Participate --- Lysholm Knee Score --- Patient Satisfaction --- Perinatal Information System --- Information System, Perinatal --- Perinatal Information Systems --- Citizen Science --- Treatment Outcome. --- Databases as Topic. --- Patient Participation. --- Decision Making. --- United States. --- Credit Assignment --- Assignment, Credit --- Assignments, Credit --- Credit Assignments