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Welding remains one of the most studied manufacturing processes worldwide. It has always assumed a vital importance in terms of research, and the market demand for increasingly complex solutions has kept the search for new solutions around welding more and more alive. This book describes, in 14 chapters, recent investigations around various welding processes, showing new developments in important areas, such as biomedicine or the automotive industry. Following the current trend, several developments around the friction stir welding process are also described. However, other processes are also studied, and new interesting developments are presented. Problems normally felt in welding, such as the installation of internal stresses or the generation of defects are also studied, and very interesting solutions are provided. Thus, this book is of particular importance for a very wide audience, ranging from the technician who is curious to want to know more and more, to the professor who seeks the latest developments in the matter to prepare his classes.

spot welding --- hot-stamped hardened steel --- microstructure --- martensite --- bainite --- friction stir welding --- aluminium alloys --- forced air cooling --- microstructures --- tensile strength --- hardness distribution --- ferritic stainless steel --- cerium --- solidification crack --- Trans-varestraint test --- beryllium-copper alloy --- mechanical properties --- post-weld heat treatment --- high-power ultrasonic welding --- interface --- magnesium --- cu interlayer --- intermetallic compound --- material flow --- finite element model --- temperature field --- welding defects --- brazing --- titanium --- alumina --- interfacial microstructure --- FSSW --- dissimilar metals --- interface behavior --- impact properties --- residual stresses --- neutron diffraction --- hardness --- precipitation --- wear-resistant martensitic steel --- submerged arc welding (SAW) --- heat treatment --- structures --- hardness changes --- Hardox Extreme steel --- bobbin friction stir welding --- materials flow --- metallography --- AA6082-T6 --- weld defect --- aluminum alloy --- heterogeneity --- mechanical --- P91 steel --- heat-resistant steels --- welding --- PWHT --- welds characterization --- heat-treatment processing time --- sustainability --- ultrasonic vibration --- dissimilar metal --- semi-solid status --- microstructure evolution

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Very recently, a great deal of attention has been paid by researchers and technologists to trying to eliminate metal materials in the design of products and processes in favor of plastics and composites. After a few years, it is possible to state that metal materials are even more present in our lives and this is especially thanks to their ability to evolve. This Special Issue is focused on the recent evolution of metals and alloys with the scope of presenting the state of the art of solutions where metallic materials have become established, without a doubt, as a successful design solution thanks to their unique properties.

material properties prediction --- experimental data analysis --- ductile/spheroidal cast iron (SGI) --- compact graphite cast iron (CGI) --- Machine Learning (RF) --- pattern recognition --- Random Forest (RF) --- Artificial Neural Network (NN) --- k-nearest neighbours (kNN) --- tribology --- wear --- slurry erosion --- coating --- cermet --- spheroidal graphite cast iron --- pack aluminizing --- microstructure --- high-temperature oxidation resistance --- hybrid composite --- wear performance --- ZA27 alloy --- deflection --- plates --- stiffeners --- numerical simulation --- Constructal Design --- austenitic stainless steel --- tensile properties --- artificial neural network --- MIV analysis --- pallet rack --- moment-rotation curve --- connection --- experiment --- numerical analysis --- thermomechanical processing --- grain growth --- forging --- retained austenite --- bainitic microstructure --- extended finite element method (xFEM) --- polarization curve --- long-term operated metals --- hybrid materials --- fatigue crack growth --- stress intensity factors (SIF) --- linear regression --- micromagnetic testing --- hardness --- case hardening depth --- phase-field modeling --- modified damage model --- large-strain plasticity --- S355J2+N steel --- ductile fracture --- two-stage yield function --- copper coatings --- pulsating current (PC) --- composite hardness models --- creep resistance --- n/a

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This collection covers the physical and chemical phenomena of metal surfaces, including surface modifications and treatments. It is targeted at researchers working in materials science and also at newcomers to the research field of metal surfaces and surface analysis.

mechanical alloying --- nanocrystalline alloys --- corrosion --- polarization --- EIS --- TiAl-based alloys --- hydrogen-induced softening --- dynamic recrystallization --- cracking --- molybdenum --- nuclear fusion reactors --- laser --- surface damage --- microstructure --- bipolar electrochemistry --- erosion-corrosion --- oil and gas --- impact wear --- steel --- hardness --- toughness --- micro fatigue --- cracks --- martensitic stainless steel --- Cr segregation --- fracture --- Charpy test --- XPS --- surface analysis --- metals and alloys --- metal coatings --- AES --- SPEM --- laser micromachining --- surface texturing --- surface roughness --- biomedical engineering --- tribology --- n/a

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Steels and their heat treatment are still very important in modern industry because most industrial components are made from these materials. The proper choice of steel grades along with their suitable processing makes it possible to reduce the weight of the components, which is closely related to energy and fuel savings. This has decisive importance in branches such as the automotive, transport, consumer industries. A great number of novel heat- and surface-treatment techniques have been developed over the past three decades. These techniques involve, for example, vacuum treatment, sub-zero treatment, laser/electron beam surface hardening and alloying, low-pressure carburizing and nitriding, and physical vapour deposition. This Special Issue contains a collection of original research articles on not only advanced heat-treatment techniques—carburizing and sub-zero treatments—but also on the microstructure–property relationships in different ferrous alloys.

Vanadis 6 die steel --- surface finish --- nitriding --- PVD coating --- toughness --- fractography --- cryogenic treatment --- cryo-treatment --- mechanical properties --- microstructure --- cryo-processing --- 20Cr2Ni4A --- vacuum carburizing --- ion implantation --- rare earths --- catalysis --- carbon diffusion --- vanadis 6 steel --- sub-zero treatment at −75 °C --- hardness --- fracture toughness --- grade 92 steel weldment --- post-welding heat treatment --- tensile straining --- hydrogen embrittlement --- metallography and fractography --- ledeburitic tool steels --- carburizing --- rare-earth element pre-implantation --- sub-zero treatments

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Small scale mechanical deformations have gained a significant interest over the past few decades, driven by the advances in integrated circuits and microelectromechanical systems. One of the most powerful and versatile characterization methods is the nanoindentation technique. The capabilities of these depth-sensing instruments have been improved considerably. They can perform experiments in vacuum and at high temperatures, such as in-situ SEM and TEM nanoindenters. This allows researchers to visualize mechanical deformations and dislocations motion in real time. Time-dependent behavior of soft materials has also been studied in recent research works. This Special Issue on ""Small Scale Deformation using Advanced Nanoindentation Techniques""; will provide a forum for researchers from the academic and industrial communities to present advances in the field of small scale contact mechanics. Materials of interest include metals, glass, and ceramics. Manuscripts related to deformations of biomaterials and biological related specimens are also welcome. Topics of interest include, but are not limited to:

n/a --- nanoscale --- fracture toughness --- helium irradiation --- cement paste --- solder --- fracture --- Pop-in --- fatigue --- strain rate sensitivity --- viscoelasticity --- nuclear fusion structural materials --- biomaterials --- transmission electron microscopy --- mammalian cells --- quasicontinuum method --- brittleness and ductility --- morphology --- creep --- dimensionless analysis --- size effect --- mechanical properties --- hardness --- shear transformation zone --- TSV --- micro-cantilever beam --- multiscale --- InP(100) single crystal --- surface pit defect --- mixed-mode --- micromechanics --- soft biomaterials --- metallic glass --- atomic force microscopy (AFM) --- Bi2Se3 thin films --- constitutive model --- pop-in --- rate factor --- FIB --- nickel --- nanoindenter --- miniaturized cantilever beam --- hydrogen embrittlement --- nanoindentation --- irradiation hardening --- reduced activation ferritic martensitic (RAFM) steels --- tantalum