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The field of reprogramming somatic cells into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) has moved very quickly, from bench to bedside in just eight years since its first discovery. The best example of this is the RIKEN clinical trial this year in Japan, which will use iPSC derived retinal pigmented epithelial (RPE) cells to treat macular degeneration (MD). This is the first human disease to be tested for regeneration and repair by iPSC-derived cells and others will follow in the near future. Currently, there is an intense worldwide research effort to bring stem cell technology to the clinic for application to treat human diseases and pathologies. Human tissue diseases (including those of the lung, heart, brain, spinal cord, and muscles) drive organ bioengineering to the forefront of technology concerning cell replacement therapy. Given the critical mass of research and translational work being performed, iPSCs may very well be the cell type of choice for regenerative medicine in the future. Also, basic science questions, such as efficient differentiation protocols to the correct cell type for regenerating human tissues, the immune response of iPSC replacement therapy and genetic stability of iPSC-derived cells, are currently being investigated for future clinical applications.

Genetic transcription.

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Transcriptional regulation is a critical biological process that allows the cell or an organism to respond to a variety of intra- and extracellular signals, to define cell identity during development, to maintain it throughout its lifetime, and to coordinate cellular activity. This control involves multiple temporal and functional steps as well as innumerable molecules including transcription factors, cofactors, and chromatin regulators. It is well known that many human disorders are characterized by global transcriptional dysregulation because most of the signaling pathways ultimately target transcription machinery. Indeed, many syndromes and genetic and complex diseases--cancer, autoimmunity, neurological and developmental disorders, and metabolic and cardiovascular diseases--can be caused by mutations/alterations in regulatory sequences, transcription factors, splicing regulators, cofactors, chromatin regulators, ncRNAs, and other components of transcription apparatus. It is worth noting that advances in our understanding of molecules and mechanisms involved in the transcriptional circuitry and apparatus lead to new insights into the pathogenetic mechanisms of various human diseases and disorders. Thus, this Special Issue is focused on molecular genetics and genomics studies exploring the effects of transcriptional misregulation on human diseases.

Genetic regulation.

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Genetic engineering has emerged as a prominent and interesting area of life sciences. Although much has been penned to satiate the knowledge of scientists, researchers, faculty members, students, and general readers, none of this compilation covers the theme in totality. Even if it caters to the in-depth knowledge of a few, the subject still has much scope regarding the presentation of the content and creating a drive towards passionate learning and indulgence. This compilation presenting certain topics pertaining to genetic engineering is not only lucid but interesting, thought provoking, and knowledge seeking. The book opens with a chapter on genetic engineering, which tries to unfold manipulation techniques, generating curiosity about the different modus operandi of the technique per se. The gene, molecular machines, vector delivery systems, and their applications are all sewn in an organized pattern to give a glimpse of the importance of this technique and its vast functions. The revolutionary technique of amplifying virtually any sequence of genetic material is presented vividly to gauge the technique and its various versions with respect to its myriad applications. A chapter on genome engineering and xenotransplantation is covered for those who have a penchant for such areas of genetic engineering and human physiology. The fruits of genetic engineering, the much-talked-about therapeutic proteins, have done wonders in treating human maladies. A chapter is included that dwells on the prospects of therapeutic proteins and peptides. Lastly, a chapter on emerging technologies for agriculture using a polymeric nanocomposite-based agriculture delivery system is included to create a subtle diversity. This compilation addresses certain prominent titles of genetic engineering, which is simply the tip of the iceberg and will be helpful in crafting the wisdom of nascent as well as established scientists, research scholars, and all those blessed with logical minds. I hope.

Genetic engineering.

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Site-specific endonucleases create double-strand breaks within the genome and can be targeted to literally any genetic mutation. Together with a repair template, a correction of the defective locus becomes possible. This book offers insight into the modern tools of genome editing, their hurdles and their huge potential. A new era of in vivo genetic engineering has begun.

Genetic engineering. --- Designed genetic change --- Engineering, Genetic --- Gene splicing --- Genetic intervention --- Genetic surgery --- Genetic recombination --- Biotechnology --- Transgenic organisms --- Genetic engineering

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P53 is a protein that plays an important role in the regulation of cell division and thereby offers protection to the cell against malignant transformation. This is the most well-studied and most appreciated role of p53, due to which the protein is famously known as the "guardian of the genome." It is the most studied protein in all forms of cancer research, with much of this research investigating p53's role in tumor suppression. However, research has also shown that p53 plays a role in a wide range of other cellular functions, like serving as a biomarker for environmental pollution. Even as a tumor suppressor and transcription factor, many aspects of p53 function are still obscure, and research in the field is continually attempting to shed light on these functions. This book examines and discusses the myriad roles of p53 and different aspects of its functions. Chapters examine p53 in cancer prevention, DNA repair, gene regulation, and more.

Medical genetics. --- Genetic counseling.