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Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signal transmission has an essential function in embryonic development and tissue repair, and is dysregulated in the vast majority of malignancies studied. The FGF signaling in the tumor cells is usually increased by autocrine and paracrine mechanisms and gives them a high growth potential, resistance to apoptosis, neoangiogenesis and metastasis, all essential parameters relevant for tumor progression. This makes FGFs, and their tyrosine kinase receptors FGFRs, valuable targets for therapeutic interventions. This book is a collection of 15 recent articles—both original work and reviews—that summarize the current research state effectively. The content covers FGF signaling aspects in gastric, skin, liver, esophageal cancer, melanoma, mesothelioma and glioblastoma, including one article that addresses the role of FGF in the tumor-microenvironment cross-talk. Several reports describe the development of compounds targeting FGFRs, their structure and interaction with the receptor molecules, and their effectivity in preclinical and clinical testing. In summary, the papers demonstrate the complexity of the topic, with various FGF ligands and receptors involved and the need for further research. They also present results that fuel hope that targeting cancer with dysfunctional FGF signaling can become a realistic treatment option.

FGFR4 --- FGF19 --- gene regulation --- cancer signaling --- anticancer --- FRS2 --- FGFR --- NVP-BGJ398 --- LY2874455 --- sarcoma --- cancer-associated fibroblasts --- GPER --- breast cancer --- estrogen --- FGFR1 --- FGF2 --- optogenetics --- ERK --- AKT --- receptor kinase --- neurite outgrowth --- HEK293 --- PC12 --- fibroblast growth factor receptors --- signaling --- receptor cross-talk --- coreceptor --- membrane proteins --- FGFR2 --- ERK1/2 --- phosphorylation --- serine --- negative feedback loop --- cancer --- prognosis --- HCC --- inhibitors --- FGF --- fibroblast growth factor --- autocrine signaling --- skin --- melanoma --- squamous and basal cell carcinoma --- seborrheic keratosis --- targeted therapy --- resistance --- structure --- kinase inhibitor --- gastric cancer --- monoclonal antibody --- small molecule --- FGFR2c --- autophagy --- keratinocyte --- MTOR --- JNK1 --- review --- malignant glioma --- brain cancer --- astrocytoma --- Sprouty proteins --- FGF-mediated signaling --- tumor suppressor --- tumor promoter --- malignant pleural mesothelioma --- overall survival --- immunohistochemistry --- infigratinib sensitivity --- FGF8 --- FGF18 --- adenocarcinoma of the esophagogastric junction --- neoadjuvant therapy --- n/a

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In this Special Issue of Genes entitled “Genetic Conditions Affecting the Skeleton: Congenital, Idiopathic Scoliosis and Arthrogryposis”, evidence is presented that suggests that congenital, idiopathic scoliosis, and arthrogryposis share similar overlapping, but also distinct, etiopathogenic mechanisms, including connective tissue and neuromuscular mechanisms. Congenital scoliosis (CS) is defined by the presence of an abnormal spinal curvature, due to an underlying vertebral bony malformation (VM). Idiopathic scoliosis (IS) is defined by the presence of an abnormal structural spinal curvature of ≥10 degrees in the sagittal plane, in the absence of an underlying VM. Arthrogryposis is defined by the presence of congenital contractures in two or more joints of the appendicular skeleton. All three conditions have complex genetic causes. This Special Issue highlights the complex nature of these conditions and current concepts in our approach to better understand their genetics.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- Genetics (non-medical) --- spinal curvatures --- scoliosis --- idiopathic --- DNA methylation --- pyrosequencing --- estrogen receptor 1 --- ESR1 --- scoliosis progression --- adolescent idiopathic scoliosis --- idiopathic scoliosis --- exome sequencing --- spine --- polygenic --- variants --- musculoskeletal disease --- cytoskeleton --- extracellular matrix --- contracture --- arthrogryposis --- congenital --- POC5 --- cilia --- genetics --- spine deformity --- genetic predisposition --- complex trait --- model animal --- genome wide association study --- genetic linkage study --- Amyoplasia --- DECIPHER (DatabasE of genomiC variation and Phenotype in Humans using Ensemble Resources) --- CNV (copy number variant) --- DA (distal arthrogryposis) --- IPA (ingenuity pathway analysis) --- HPO (human phenotype ontology) --- akinesia --- MYOD --- IGF2 --- FGFR1 (Fibroblast growth factor receptor 1) --- genetic variations --- congenital scoliosis --- monozygotic twin --- epigenome-wide association study --- bone --- discordant --- curve severity --- differentially methylated region --- congenital vertebral malformation --- copy number variant --- CNV --- CHRNG --- distal arthrogryposis type 8 --- Escobar --- multiple pterygium syndrome --- MYH3 --- protein tyrosine kinase 7 (PTK7) --- whole exome sequencing --- n/a

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Fucoidans are a group of fucose-containing sulfated polysaccharides found in many species of brown seaweeds, with numerous bioactive properties. As a highly bioactive seaweed substance with many promising physiological activities, fucoidans have attracted attention from many industries all over the world. Even though fucoidans are a rich source of bioactive properties, the structural properties and bioactive mechanisms of fucoidans are poorly understood. Therefore, novel studies that either characterize the physical properties or biological activities of fucoidans will fill the knowledge gap between industrial applications and the scientific background of those applications. Both purified and partially purified fucoidans isolated from brown seaweeds present high potential as preventative and therapeutic agents against number of chronic diseases, due to their anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticancer, neuroprotective, antiviral, antimicrobial, and anticoagulative properties. This Special Issue is aimed at presenting updated information on well-documented studies of the structural characterization and major biological actions relevant for medical, cosmeceutical, and pharmaceutical applications that fucoidans isolated from brown seaweed can offer.

fucoidan --- low-molecular-weight fucoidan --- adriamycin --- nephrotic syndrome --- psoriasis --- Traf3ip2 --- microbiota --- mucin --- IgA --- fucoidans --- extraction --- brown algae --- production --- bioactivities --- Sri Lankan algae --- anticancer --- sulfated polysaccharide --- Celluclast --- sargassum --- antioxidant --- Maldives --- Padina boryana --- zebrafish --- apoptosis --- DR4 --- mitochondrial pathway --- cancer --- metastasis --- epithelial mesenchymal transition --- nanoparticles --- Helicobacter pylori --- mozuku --- Cladosiphon okamuranus Tokida --- urinalysis --- fucose --- enzymatic purification --- age-related macular degeneration --- VEGF --- oxidative stress --- Laminaria digitata --- Fucus distichus subsp. evanescens --- Saccharina latissima --- retinal pigment epithelium --- ROS --- Phaeophyta --- carbohydrate --- UVB irradiation --- HaCaT cells --- sulfated heterosaccharide --- dopamine neurons apoptosis --- PI3K–Akt --- ascorbic acid --- anti-lung cancer --- human lung carcinoma A-549 cells --- hydrogen peroxide --- Sargassum crassifolium --- fucoidan from Ascophyllum nodosum --- postprandial hyperglycemia --- in vitro and in vivo evaluation --- SGLT1 --- chitosan --- fibroblast growth factor-2 --- polyelectrolyte multilayer --- infrared spectroscopy --- quartz crystal microbalance --- sulfated polysaccharides --- natural defenses --- phenolic metabolism --- phenylalanine ammonia-lyase --- n/a --- PI3K-Akt

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Refrigeration, air conditioning, and heat pumps (RACHP) have an important impact on the final energy uses of many sectors of modern society, such as residential, commercial, industrial, transport, and automotive. Moreover, RACHP also have an important environmental impact due to the working fluids that deplete the stratospheric ozone layer, which are being phased out according to the Montreal Protocol (1989). Last, but not least, high global working potential (GWP), working fluids (directly), and energy consumption (indirectly) are responsible for a non-negligible quota of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the atmosphere, thus impacting climate change.

burnt-out diabetes --- chronic kidney disease (CKD) --- dialysis --- end-stage renal disease (ESRD) --- incident diabetes mellitus (DM) --- insulin resistance --- dementia --- dipeptidyl-peptidase IV inhibitors --- diabetes mellitus --- type 2 --- Alzheimer’s disease --- vascular --- diabetes --- microperimetry --- type 2 diabetes mellitus --- glucose fluctuations --- sarcopenia --- diabetic retinopathy --- type 1 diabetes --- quality of life --- treatment satisfaction --- patient-reported outcomes --- plaque characteristics --- carotid plaque --- echogenic plaque --- diabetic foot syndrome --- vascular disease --- fibroblast growth factor 23 --- Klotho --- inflammation --- dermal electrochemical conductance --- neuropathy --- primary care --- screening --- sudomotor reflex --- prediabetes --- arterial stiffness --- baPWV --- aspirin --- primary prevention --- meta-analysis --- trial sequential analysis --- sCD36 --- type 1 diabetes mellitus --- branched-chain amino acids --- metabolomics --- NMR spectroscopy --- diabetic kidney disease --- reno-cardiovascular protection --- sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors --- glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists --- dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors --- obesity --- bariatric surgery --- diabetic macroangiopathy --- cardiovascular disease --- heart disease --- cerebrovascular disease --- peripheral artery disease --- diabetic foot disease --- diabetic microangiopathy --- diabetic neuropathy

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Arthritis has a high prevalence globally and includes over 100 different types, the most common of which are rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, psoriatic arthritis, and inflammatory arthritis. The exact etiology of arthritis remains unclear and no cure exists. Anti-inflammatory drugs are commonly used in the treatment of arthritis but are associated with significant side effects. Novel modes of therapy and additional prognostic biomarkers are urgently needed for arthritis patients. This book summarizes and discusses the global picture of the current understanding of arthritis.

receptor activator of nuclear factor ?B --- infliximab --- tripterine --- triptolide --- osteoblast --- tumor necrosis factor-alpha --- synovial cell --- anti-arthritis --- biosimilars --- Epstein-Barr virus --- cytokines --- SOX9 --- parathyroid hormone --- nitric oxide --- rat --- etanercept --- angiogenesis --- glycosylation --- mitogen activated protein kinase --- Th9 lymphocytes --- rheumatoid arthritis --- IL-6 --- clodronate --- bone erosion --- mesenchymal stem cells --- collagen-induced arthritis --- biological --- gene expression --- inflammatory arthritis --- osteoarthritis --- fraxinellone --- nuclear factor kappa B --- messenger RNA --- inflammation --- miRNA --- disease-modifying --- adipokines --- WNT --- glycoprotein 42 --- miR-199a-5p --- proliferation --- next-generation sequencing --- collagen --- osteoarthritis (OA) --- experimental arthritis --- bone morphogenetic protein --- TNF-? --- computational modeling --- basic research --- osteoclast --- therapeutics --- certolizumab pegol --- chondrocytes --- progenitor cells --- adjuvant arthritis --- adalimumab --- triterpenoid --- sclareol --- TNF? --- fibroblast growth factor 2 --- antibodies --- osteoblasts --- molecular pathology --- Th17 --- immunology --- obesity --- visfatin --- articular cartilage --- autoimmune --- biomarkers --- celastrol --- MAPK --- disease pathways --- IL1? --- arthritis --- bioinformatics --- anticitrullinated peptide antibodies --- drug delivery system --- antagonists --- shared epitope --- pathology --- SMA- and MAD-related protein --- small-molecule inhibitor --- transforming growth factor ? --- mice --- golimumab --- spinal fusion --- antirheumatic drug --- early osteoarthritis --- stem cell --- rheumatoid factor --- therapeutic antibody --- bisphosphonate --- osteoclastogenesis --- interleukin --- spondyloarthropathies --- clinical translation --- therapy --- Traditional Chinese medicine --- chemokines --- structure --- cell signaling --- microRNA