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Anfang 2006 tritt Alan Greenspan als Vorsitzender der Federal Reserve (Fed) ab. Damit endet gleichzeitig eine einschneidende Epoche der amerikanischen Geldpolitik. Das Urteil zur Greenspan-Ära fällt bisher ambivalent aus. Auf der einen Seite wird der pragmatischen und flexiblen Geldpolitik der letzten 18 Jahre ein erheblicher Anteil am Wachstums- und Beschäftigungserfolg der USA zugebilligt. Andererseits wird die einseitige Ausrichtung auf den Vorsitzenden und das Fehlen einer klaren und verständlichen Konzeption bemängelt. Diese Arbeit versucht zu klären, ob die geldpolitische Strategie der Federal Reserve in der heutigen Form ein Erfolgs- oder Auslaufmodell darstellt. Dazu wird die Fed-Strategie seit 1987 umfassend analysiert und bewertet. Die Analyse soll insbesondere Antworten darauf geben, welche Rolle Beschäftigungsziele in der Geldpolitik spielen sollten, und ob die Fed-Strategie für die Europäische Zentralbank (EZB) Vorbildcharakter besitzt.
Auslaufmodell --- Beschäftigung --- Federal --- Federal Reserve --- Federal Reserve System --- Fed-Strategie --- Geldpolitik --- geldpolitische --- Geschichte 1987-2004 --- Hartmann --- Inflation Targeting --- oder --- Reserve --- Strategie --- Taylor-Regel --- Trade-off-Kurve --- Vorbild
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Power converters and electric machines represent essential components in all fields of electrical engineering. In fact, we are heading towards a future where energy will be more and more electrical: electrical vehicles, electrical motors, renewables, storage systems are now widespread. The ongoing energy transition poses new challenges for interfacing and integrating different power systems. The constraints of space, weight, reliability, performance, and autonomy for the electric system have increased the attention of scientific research in order to find more and more appropriate technological solutions. In this context, power converters and electric machines assume a key role in enabling higher performance of electrical power conversion. Consequently, the design and control of power converters and electric machines shall be developed accordingly to the requirements of the specific application, thus leading to more specialized solutions, with the aim of enhancing the reliability, fault tolerance, and flexibility of the next generation power systems.
power systems for renewable energy --- fault-tolerant photovoltaic inverter --- islanding detection --- energy storage system --- DC/AC converter --- voltage-source --- multilevel inverter --- PV systems --- neutral point clamped inverter --- flying capacitor inverter --- cascaded inverter --- renewable energy systems --- ultra-fast chargers --- input-series input-parallel output-series output-parallel multimodule converter --- cross feedback output current sharing --- reflex charging --- digital twin --- doubly-fed induction generator, electrical machines --- finite elements method --- monitoring --- real-time --- wound rotor induction machine --- subsynchronous control interaction --- super-twisting sliding mode --- variable-gain --- doubly fed induction generator --- photovoltaic system --- grid --- sliding mode control --- synergetic control --- fractional-order control --- converter–machine association --- direct drive machine --- Permanent Magnet Vernier Machine --- synchronous generator --- wind energy system for domestic applications --- renewable energy --- adaptive --- fuzzy --- feedback linearization --- photovoltaic (PV) grid inverter --- voltage source inverter (VSI) --- doubly-fed induction generator --- wind power system --- sensorless control --- full order observer --- field oriented control --- grid connected system --- lithium batteries --- los minimization --- Modular Multilevel Converters --- optimization methods
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The transition to 100% renewable energy in the future is one of the most important ways of achieving "carbon peaking and carbon neutrality" and of reducing the adverse effects of climate change. In this process, the safe, stable and economical operation of renewable energy generation systems, represented by hydro-, wind and solar power, is particularly important, and has naturally become a key concern for researchers and engineers. Therefore, this book focuses on the fundamental and applied research on the modeling, control, monitoring and diagnosis of renewable energy generation systems, especially hydropower energy systems, and aims to provide some theoretical reference for researchers, power generation departments or government agencies.
Research & information: general --- Physics --- doubly-fed variable-speed pumped storage --- Hopf bifurcation --- stability analysis --- parameter sensitivity --- pumped storage unit --- degradation trend prediction --- maximal information coefficient --- light gradient boosting machine --- variational mode decomposition --- gated recurrent unit --- high proportional renewable power system --- active power --- change point detection --- maximum information coefficient --- cosine similarity --- anomaly detection --- thermal-hydraulic characteristics --- hydraulic oil viscosity --- hydraulic PTO --- wave energy converter --- pumped storage units --- pressure pulsation --- noise reduction --- sparrow search algorithm --- hybrid system --- facility agriculture --- chaotic particle swarms method --- operation strategy --- stochastic dynamic programming (SDP) --- power yield --- seasonal price --- reliability --- cascaded reservoirs --- doubly-fed variable speed pumped storage power station --- nonlinear modeling --- nonlinear pump turbine characteristics --- pumped storage units (PSUs) --- successive start-up --- ‘S’ characteristics --- low water head conditions --- multi-objective optimization --- fractional order PID controller (FOPID) --- hydropower units --- comprehensive deterioration index --- long and short-term neural network --- ensemble empirical mode decomposition --- approximate entropy --- 1D–3D coupling model --- transition stability --- sensitivity analysis --- hydro power
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This book covers the technological progress and developments of a large-scale wind energy conversion system along with its future trends, with each chapter constituting a contribution by a different leader in the wind energy arena. Recent developments in wind energy conversion systems, system optimization, stability augmentation, power smoothing, and many other fascinating topics are included in this book. Chapters are supported through modeling, control, and simulation analysis. This book contains both technical and review articles.
doubly-fed induction generator --- fault current limiters --- power system --- power smoothing --- fault characteristics --- prediction intervals --- wind forecast --- PI controller --- transmission line --- wake effect --- real fault cases --- reliability of electricity supplies --- load frequency control --- optimization --- reserve power --- battery energy storage system --- wind turbine allocation --- primary frequency control --- low voltage ride through (LVRT) --- de-loading --- fault ride-through --- fault diagnosis and isolation --- fractional order proportional-integral-differential controller --- multi-objective artificial bee colony algorithm --- Fault Ride Through (FRT) --- distance protection --- droop curve --- Distribution Static VAr Compensator(D-SVC) --- Distributed-Flexible AC Transmission system (D-FACTS) --- rotor inertia --- power wind turbine --- LPV observer --- doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) --- squirrel cage induction generator (SCIG) --- wind farm --- optimal control --- fuzzy logic controller (FLC) --- wind power forecasting --- wavelet neural network --- DFIG-based wind farm --- permanent magnet synchronous generator --- automatic generation control --- series dynamic braking resistor --- hardware-in-the-loop --- superconductor --- Distribution Static Synchronous Compensator (D-STATCOM) --- control wind turbine --- kinetic energy storage --- multiple sensor faults --- large-scale wind farm
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For a sustainable future, the need to use renewable sources to produce electricity is inevitable. Some of these sources—particularly the widely available solar power—are weather-dependent; therefore, utility-scale energy storage will be more and more important. These solar and wind power fluctuations range from minutes (passing cloud) to whole seasons (winter/summer differences). Short-term storage can be solved (at least theoretically) with batteries; however, seasonal storage—due to the amount of storable energy and the self-discharging of some storage methods—is still a challenge to be solved in the near future. We believe that biological Power-to-Methane technology—especially combined with biogas refinement—will be a significant player in the energy storage market within less than a decade. The technology produces high-purity methane, which can be considered—by using green energy and carbon dioxide of biological origin—as a Renewable Natural Gas, or RNG. The ease of storage and use of methane, as well as the effective carbon-freeness, can make it a competitor for batteries or hydrogen-based storage, especially for storage times exceeding several months.
seasonal energy storage --- power-to-methane --- wastewater treatment plants --- techno-economic assessment --- power-to-gas --- regulation --- energy storage --- biogas --- biomethane --- disruptive technology --- decarbonization --- innovation --- Power-to-Gas --- Power-to-Fuel --- P2M --- P2G --- P2F --- biomethanization --- biomethanation --- competitiveness --- hydrogen utilization --- Hungary --- Power-to-X --- Power-to-Hydrogen --- Power-to-Methane --- hydrogen --- methanation --- sector coupling --- sectoral integration --- energy transition --- eFuels --- electric fuels --- 100% renewable energy scenarios --- thermophilic biogas --- fed-batch reactor --- Methanothermobacter --- metagenome --- starvation --- H2 and CO2 conversion --- methane --- acetate --- n/a
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Nowadays, we are witnessing highly dynamic research activities related to the intriguing field of biodegradable materials with plastic-like properties. These activities are stimulated by the strengthened public awareness of prevailing ecological issues connected to growing piles of plastic waste and increasing greenhouse gas emissions; this goes hand-in-hand with the ongoing depletion of fossil feedstocks, which are traditionally used to produce full carbon backbone polymers. Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) biopolyesters, a family of plastic-like materials with versatile material properties, are increasing considered to be a future-oriented solution for diminishing these concerns. PHA production is based on renewable resources and occurs in a bio-mediated fashion through the action of living organisms. If accomplished in an optimized way, PHA production and the entire PHA lifecycle are embedded into nature´s closed cycles of carbon. Sustainable and efficient PHA production requires understanding and improvement of all the individual process steps. Holistic improvement of PHA production, applicable on an industrially relevant scale, calls for, inter alia, consolidated knowledge about the enzymatic and genetic particularities of PHA-accumulating organisms, an in-depth understanding of the kinetics of the bioprocess, the selection of appropriate inexpensive fermentation feedstocks, tailoring of PHA composition at the level of its monomeric constituents, optimized biotechnological engineering, and novel strategies for PHA recovery from biomass characterized by low energy and chemical requirements. This Special Issue represents a comprehensive compilation of articles in which these individual aspects have been addressed by globally recognized experts.
Cupriavidus necator --- alginate --- tissue engineering --- PAT --- simulation --- terpolyester --- high cell density cultivation --- process simulation --- selective laser sintering --- gaseous substrates --- microaerophilic --- in-line monitoring --- Pseudomonas sp. --- additive manufacturing --- fed-batch --- terpolymer --- on-line --- bubble column bioreactor --- biopolymer --- fused deposition modeling --- biomaterials --- polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) --- Pseudomonas putida --- fed-batch fermentation --- blends --- upstream processing --- wound healing --- activated charcoal --- downstream processing --- Archaea --- polyhydroxyalkanoates processing --- film --- bioreactor --- medium-chain-length polyhydroxyalkanoate (mcl-PHA) --- poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-4-hydroxybutyrate) --- Ralstonia eutropha --- hydrolysate detoxification --- extremophiles --- Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) --- process analytical technologies --- PHA composition --- COMSOL --- non-Newtonian fluid --- tequila bagasse --- biopolyester --- biosurfactants --- Haloferax --- PHA --- phenolic compounds --- polyhydroxybutyrate --- PHB --- in-line --- Pseudomonas --- haloarchaea --- plant oil --- PHA processing --- bioeconomy --- delivery system --- P(3HB-co-3HV-co-4HB) --- productivity --- electrospinning --- cyanobacteria --- waste streams --- polyhydroxyalkanoates --- oxygen transfer --- polyhydroxyalkanoate --- biomedical application --- photon density wave spectroscopy --- carbon dioxide --- salinity --- PDW --- rheology --- halophiles --- feedstocks --- high-cell-density fed-batch --- biomedicine --- process engineering --- bioprocess design --- viscosity --- computer-aided wet-spinning --- microorganism --- Cupriavidus malaysiensis --- poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHVB)
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Wind Power Plant (WPP) and Wind Turbine (WT) modeling are becoming of key importance due to the relevant wind-generation impact on power systems. Wind integration into power systems must be carefully analyzed to forecast the effects on grid stability and reliability. Different agents, such as Transmission System Operators (TSOs) and Distribution System Operators (DSOs), focus on transient analyses. Wind turbine manufacturers, power system software developers, and technical consultants are also involved. WPP and WT dynamic models are often divided into two types: detailed and simplified. Detailed models are used for Electro-Magnetic Transient (EMT) simulations, providing both electrical and mechanical responses with high accuracy during short time intervals. Simplified models, also known as standard or generic models, are designed to give reliable responses, avoiding high computational resources. Simplified models are commonly used by TSOs and DSOs to carry out different transient stability studies, including loss of generation, switching of power lines or balanced faults, etc., Assessment and validation of such dynamic models is also a major issue due to the importance and difficulty of collecting real data. Solutions facing all these challenges, including the development, validation and application of WT and WPP models are presented in this Issue.
bearing current --- common mode current --- doubly fed induction generators --- permanent magnet synchronous generators --- wind turbine generator --- doubly-fed generator --- converter control --- short-circuit current --- second harmonic component --- low-voltage ride-through (LVRT) field test data --- complex terrain --- terrain-induced turbulence --- turbulence intensity --- LES --- vortex shedding --- frequency control --- wind power integration --- power system stability --- turbulence --- statistical modelling --- Wind Turbine (WT) --- Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) --- unbalanced grid voltage --- DC-linked voltage control --- Proportional Resonant with Resonant Harmonic Compensator (PR+HC) controller --- Adaptive Proportional Integral (API) control --- power control --- wind turbine near wake --- wind turbine wakes --- wake aerodynamics --- computational fluid dynamics --- rotor aerodynamics --- wind turbine validation --- MEXICO experiment --- wind energy --- model validation --- wind turbine aerodynamics --- wind farms --- wind turbines interaction --- wind farm modeling --- kernel density estimation --- multiple wind farms --- joint probability density --- ordinal optimization --- reactive power capability --- wind power plant --- wind power collection system --- aggregated, modelling --- wind integration studies --- long term voltage stability --- fault-ride through capability --- IEC 61400-27-1 --- Spanish PO 12.3 --- Type 3 wind turbine --- inertia --- wind power --- droop --- primary control --- frequency containment process --- wind integration --- demand response --- ancillary services --- wind turbine nacelle --- lightning electromagnetic pulse (LEMP) --- magnetic field intensity --- shielding mesh --- wake steering --- yaw misalignment --- multi body simulation --- main bearing loads --- rain flow counts --- aeroelasticity --- multi-rotor system --- wind turbine --- computational fluid dynamics (CFD) --- horizontal-axis wind turbine (HAWT) --- permanent-magnet synchronous-generator (PMSG) --- linear quadratic regulator (LQR) --- PI control algorithm --- LQR-PI control --- wind turbine blade --- large-eddy simulation --- turbulence evaluation index --- fatigue damage evaluation index --- DIgSILENT-PowerFactory --- MATLAB --- transient stability --- type 3 wind turbine --- DFIG --- field testing --- full-scale converter --- generic model --- validation --- HAWT --- aerodynamic characteristics --- dynamic yawing process --- near wake --- start-stop yaw velocity --- load frequency control (LFC) --- equivalent input disturbance (EID) --- active disturbance rejection control (ADRC) --- wind --- linear matrix inequalities (LMI) --- dynamic modeling --- grey-box parameter identification --- subspace identification --- recursive least squares --- optimal identification
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The objective of this book is to publish the most recent technological advancements, and theoretical and practical research outcomes, alongside high-quality literature reviews on wireless power transfer to charge electric vehicles. More substantial research is proposed due to the fast-growing market for electric vehicles, and recent advances in wireless power transfer techniques have the potential to make this technology available for all consumers by overcoming its drawbacks. For instance, one of the major downsides to EVs is the requirement for an automobile to be idle during charging times. This problem can be solved by implementing dynamic wireless power transfer (WPT) with a higher power transfer efficiency (PTE). So, this book endeavors to create a major forum for investigating recent advances and the envisioned future in wireless power transfer for electric vehicles in terms of modeling, design, performance, operation, control, implementation, storage, electric machines, power electronics converters, optimization, cost, charging techniques, and applications. This book provides valuable contributions to the field of electric vehicles: inductive power transfer concepts; airport inductive charging infrastructures; the design of a wireless charging system for an e-bike with grid connection; control of renewables; social, economic, political, and technical factors for dynamic wireless charging; the influence of posture and coil position on the safety of a WPT; double-coil dynamic shielding technology for WPT; reduction in cogging torque in a PM brushless DC motor; and optimal dynamic scheduling of EVs in a parking lot.
Technology: general issues --- History of engineering & technology --- charging cost --- dynamic charging --- economics --- electric vehicles --- optimization --- parking lots --- static charging --- PMBLDC motor --- cogging torque --- finite element analysis --- virtual work method --- shifting angle --- electromagnetic field --- wireless power transfer --- shielding --- electric vehicle --- EMF safety --- numerical dosimetry --- wireless charging --- dynamic wireless power transfer --- EV charging infrastructure --- stakeholder engagement --- electric road systems --- system demand --- APF --- power quality --- SRF --- UPC --- VAR --- brushless doubly fed reluctance generator (BDFRG) --- crowbar --- symmetrical fault --- unsymmetrical fault --- wind turbine (WT) --- inductive power transfer --- e-bikes --- forward converter --- dynamic wireless charging --- airport apron --- airport infrastructure planning --- electric busses --- charging automation --- electric vehicles (EVs) --- wireless power transfer (WPT) --- production --- automation --- inductive power transfer (IPT) --- manufacturing
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This book is a collection of research papers that describe some of the latest research on lithium niobate, which is an important material with many technological applications. The papers fall into three sections, which respectively consider the relationship between photorefractive properties and the defect structure of lithium niobate, powder preparation using a wet chemistry method and high-energy ball-milling technique, and finally the investigation of the domain structures, stability and conduction, and applications in waveguide devices.
lithium niobate --- optical storage materials --- photorefractive materials --- high-energy ball-milling --- nanocrystals --- mechanochemical reaction --- chemical composition --- powders --- microparticles --- photonic electric-field sensor --- titanium diffused optical channel waveguide --- lithium–niobate electro-optic effect --- Y-fed balanced-bridge Mach-Zehnder interferometer (YBB-MZI) --- electro-optic modulator --- lithium niobate thin film --- proton exchange --- Mach-Zehnder --- integrated optics devices --- doping magnesium --- Bridgman method --- high homogeneity --- thermal stability --- nano-domain --- LNOI --- pre-heat treatment --- divalent --- trivalent --- tetravalent --- pentavalent and hexavalent doping --- computer modelling --- photorefractive properties --- defect structure --- conducting domain walls --- ferroelectric films --- lithium niobate-on-insulator --- scanning probe microscopy --- non-volatile memory
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This Special Issue “Consumer Preferences and Acceptance of Meat Products” demonstrates that the value of different palatability traits has evolved over time. Moreover, consumer acceptance and preference are not solely determined by the inputs of the meat itself, but can also be influenced by various demographic factors. In addition, consumers’ views of meat products vary regionally and by species.
actinidin --- consumer acceptance --- consumer sensory testing --- eating quality --- grass-fed beef --- Meat Standards Australia (MSA) --- proteolysis --- sensory testing --- quality --- tenderness --- oxidation --- colour --- sensory --- acceptability --- beef --- consumer perceptions --- patties --- tempeh --- consumers --- attitude --- sheepmeat --- premium --- holistic product development --- consumer --- enhancement --- fajita --- muscle --- phosphate --- sodium bicarbonate --- lamb age --- sensory evaluation --- flavor --- meat purchase decision-making --- meat buying criteria --- extended postmortem aging --- demographics --- satisfaction --- focus group --- meat products --- qualitative multivariate analysis --- conjoint analysis --- older adults --- consumer sensory --- pork --- lamb --- juiciness --- demographic --- yearling --- longissimus --- semimembranosus --- cross-cultural --- n/a
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