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Fatty liver. --- Diseases.

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The aim of this Special Issue focusing on “Nutritional Intake and the Risk of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease” is to provide an in-depth overview of the role of the intake of different macro- and micronutrients in the development and progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, as well as in its prevention and treatment. General over-nutrition but also alterations of the dietary pattern (e.g., towards a higher intake of fat, cholesterol, and sugar—and herein especially fructose) are discussed as being critical in the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). However, it has also been suggested that a general reduction of caloric intake and/or modulation of dietary composition, be it in regard to fat or to sugar intake, may have beneficial effects on the liver status in settings of NAFLD. Furthermore, in more recent years, the intake of pre- and probiotics, but also of specific micronutrients or secondary plant compounds, has also been considered a means in the prevention and therapy of this disease. Despite intense research efforts during the last decades, our understanding of the effects of nutritional intake on the development as well as on the prevention and cure of NAFLD is still limited. Providing a better understanding of the effects of diet and especially of specific macro- and micronutrients as well as pre- and probiotics and secondary plant compounds in the context of the development of NAFLD and its progression could lead to novel prevention and therapeutic strategies for this metabolic liver disease. This Special Issue will thus include original research and scientific perspectives on the relationship between NAFLD and dietary constituents that may 1) be involved in the development of the disease and 2) prevent its onset and progression. Mechanistic insights defining the contribution of certain nutritional factors (e.g., macronutrients like fat and sugar but also micronutrients and secondary plant compounds as well as pre- and probiotics) to the occurrence and management of NAFLD will improve our understanding of the disease and eventually lead to the development of universally accepted prevention and therapeutic strategies.

Nutrition --- Dietary pattern --- Sarkopenia --- Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease --- Diabetes and Insulin resistance

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Women and men have probably never been concerned as much by their health as during this COVID-19 pandemic. In this context, lifestyle habits continue to be promoted as allies for daily prevention against diseases. This is valid also for metabolic diseases, among which many affect the liver and are risk factors for aggravating the disease course of COVID-19. In fact, liver diseases are currently a major global health problem. There is a huge range of liver diseases and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common chronic hepatic condition, which in some patients progresses to cirrhosis and liver cancer. Currently, substantial efforts are being made to better understand NAFLD, especially, because there is no U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved pharmacological therapy. To explore this disease, metabolomics is the most recently developed omics technology after genomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics. Metabolomics is the large-scale analysis of molecules, known as metabolites that are intermediate or end products of metabolism found within cells, tissues, and biofluids. This technology has a very high potential to identify biomarker candidates for the future development of new therapeutics. The book features articles that address metabolomics technology and its use to document different liver functions and dysfunctions, with a major focus on NAFLD.

nonalcoholic fatty liver disease --- nonalcoholic steatohepatitis --- Fibrosis --- Liver biopsy --- Genomics --- Metabolomics --- Proteomics --- Transcriptomics --- nicotinamide --- NAFLD --- steatosis --- heat stress --- primary mouse hepatocytes --- metabolic profile --- GC-MS --- multivariate statistical analysis --- arachidonic acid --- docosahexaenoic acid --- inflammation --- fibrosis --- lipidomics --- mass spectrometry --- in vitro --- HepaRG --- sodium saccharin --- reference toxicants --- de novo lipogenesis --- carbohydrate response element-binding protein --- ChREBP --- diabetes --- glucose production --- glycogen --- glycolysis --- glycogen storage disease type I --- hexosamine --- pentose phosphate pathway --- acupuncture --- imflammation --- lipid metabolism --- oxidative stress --- metabolomics quantitative profiling --- 1H-NMR spectroscopy --- liver --- bile acids --- metabolomics --- rat plasma --- tandem mass spectrometry --- liquid chromatography --- acetaminophen --- hepatotoxicity --- biomarker --- premalignant --- alcoholic liver disease --- cholestasis --- cirrhosis --- NAFL --- NASH --- standard operating procedures --- urine --- blood --- feces --- tissue --- cells --- liver function --- nonalcoholic fatty liver --- liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry --- nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy --- metabolic pathway --- non-alcoholic fatty liver disease --- non-alcoholic steatohepatitis --- transcription factors --- metabolic stress --- lipid homeostasis --- glucose homeostasis

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Metabolic syndrome has been the topic of countless publications. It still remains a subject of debate and some experts have even questioned its clinical relevance. Its diagnosis is nevertheless predictive of an increased risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease even in the absence of traditional risk factors. Many years ago, our team made the point that the most prevalent form of metabolic syndrome was linked to abdominal obesity, which can be found even among individuals who are not considered obese by body weight standards. Imaging techniques such as computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging have revealed the link between regional body fat partitioning and cardiometabolic risk. Visceral obesity is the most dangerous form of obesity, with subcutaneous obesity being associated with lower health risk. We have proposed that excess visceral fat may be a marker of subcutaneous adipose tissue dysfunction not being able to serve as a metabolic sink, causing lipid accumulation at undesired sites, a condition described as ectopic fat deposition. Among the effective approaches to prevent, delay, or manage metabolic syndrome, lifestyle changes are the key elements, with an emphasis on the importance of healthy global dietary patterns, regular physical activity, and adequate sleep quality.

trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) --- obesity --- visceral adiposity index (VAI) --- fatty liver index (FLI) --- metabolic syndrome (MetS) --- healthy lifestyle score --- metabolic syndrome --- SUN cohort --- branched-chain amino acids --- acylcarnitines --- dietary protein sources --- meat --- metabolite profiling --- diet --- pediatric obesity --- nonalcoholic fatty liver disease --- saliva --- metabolomics --- gas-chromatography mass spectrometry --- anthropometric indexes --- diagnosis criteria --- adolescents --- bone mineral density --- insulin resistance --- bone health --- osteoporosis --- atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease --- visceral fat accumulation --- universal public health screening program --- health check-up --- health guidance --- city planning --- carbohydrate --- polyunsaturated fat --- monounsaturated fat --- saturated fat --- fish oil --- meta-analyses --- lipids --- glucose --- blood pressure --- breastfeeding duration --- birth weight --- cardiorespiratory fitness --- cardiovascular disease --- exercise training --- linseed --- secoisolariciresinol diglucoside --- high-carbohydrate --- high-fat diet --- anthropometric indices --- cardiometabolic risk --- elderly --- risk --- pediatric --- adolescent --- sugar-sweetened beverages --- weight gain --- type 2 diabetes --- older adults --- macronutrient intake --- dietary intake --- fat intake --- endocannabinoids --- endocannabinoidome --- microbiome --- fructose --- hypertriglyceridemia --- metabolism --- sleep --- sleep apnea --- sleep habit --- sleep duration --- chronotype --- social jetlag --- ethnicity --- prevention --- lifestyle --- cardiometabolic --- exercise --- abdominal obesity --- energy balance --- caloric restriction --- non-alcoholic fatty liver disease --- physical activity --- saturated fatty acids --- diet quality --- dietary guidelines --- n/a

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Ischemic heart disease is a cardiovascular condition with very high prevalence worldwide and a major source of morbidity and mortality, especially in the geriatric population. The management of coronary artery disease is one that requires high-level expertise. The presence of comorbidities, usually multiple at advanced ages, makes the diagnosis and therapy very challenging. In this setting, the effort of a multidisciplinary team is urgently needed to achieve integrated management of these cases, being the only one capable of leading to the best results for the patient.The purpose of this reprint is to bring together the experience of specialists in treating ischemic heart disease in the presence of major related conditions that require particular modulations of diagnostic and therapeutic interventions. The chapters address difficult areas of interference between ischemic heart disease and frailty, cancer, liver diseases, inflammatory bowel disease and the new SARS-CoV-2 infection. Special consideration is granted to cardiac remodeling and progression to heart failure. Niche topics such as acute coronary syndromes triggered by carbon monoxide poisoning are present as well. The book also contains a particularly interesting chapter dedicated to the genetic substrate of ischemic heart disease, which once again emphasizes the need for a multidisciplinary team approach to this disease.We consider the reprint an excellent source of information for medical practitioners who have to solve complex cases of ischemic heart disease.

Medicine --- Cardiovascular medicine --- coronary artery disease --- ischemic heart disease --- atherosclerosis --- genetic risk factors --- heritability --- polymorphism --- GWAS --- PRS --- COVID-19 --- myocardial ischemia --- electrocardiography --- accelerated atherosclerosis --- coronary spasm --- coronary thrombosis --- endothelial dysfunction --- cancer --- prevention --- radiotherapy --- chemotherapy --- liver cirrhosis --- prevalence --- liver transplantation --- treatment --- myocardial injury --- cytokines --- biomarkers --- heart failure --- left ventricular remodeling --- myocardial infarction --- wall stress --- inflammation --- neurohormonal activation --- inflammatory bowel disease --- ulcerative colitis --- Crohn’s disease --- cardiovascular risk --- frailty --- chronic coronary syndrome --- elderly --- acute coronary syndrome --- carbon monoxide poisoning --- severity of poisoning --- cardiotoxicity --- troponin --- cardiac dysfunction --- non-alcoholic fatty liver disease --- liver-heart axis --- n/a --- Crohn's disease