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The study of language has changed substantially in the last decades. In particular, the development of new technologies has allowed the emergence of new experimental techniques which complement more traditional approaches to data in linguistics (like informal reports of native speakers’ judgments, surveys, corpus studies, or fieldwork). This move is an enriching feature of contemporary linguistics, allowing for a better understanding of a phenomenon as complex as natural language, where all sorts of factors (internal and external to the individual) interact (Chomsky 2005). This has generated some sort of divergence not only in research approaches, but also in the phenomena studied, with an increasing specialization between subfields and accounts. At the same time, it has also led to subfield isolation and methodological a priori, with some researchers even claiming that theoretical linguistics has little to offer to cognitive science (see for instance Edelman & Christiansen 2003). We believe that this view of linguistics (and cognitive science as a whole) is misguided, and that the complementarity of different approaches to such a multidimensional phenomenon as language should be highlighted for convergence and further development of its scientific study (see also Jackendoff 1988, 2007; Phillips & Lasnik 2003; den Dikken, Bernstein, Tortora & Zanuttini 2007; Sprouse, Schütze & Almeida 2013; Phillips 2013).

linguistics --- data --- evidence --- theory --- explanation --- experiments

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Understanding is an ability manifested by grasping relations of a phenomenon and articulating new explanations. Hence, scientific understanding is inextricably intertwined with and not possible without explanation, and understanding is not a type of propositional knowledge. Anna Elisabeth Höhl provides a novel philosophical account of scientific understanding by developing and defending necessary and sufficient conditions for the understanding that scientists achieve of the phenomena they are researching. This account of scientific understanding is based on and supported by a detailed investigation of an episode from scientific practice in biology.

PHILOSOPHY / Epistemology. --- Ability. --- Analytical Philosophy. --- Epistemology. --- Explanation. --- Philosophy of Science. --- Philosophy. --- Science. --- Scientific Practice.

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Qu'est-ce qu'une explication ? Quelles sont les ressources mobilisees pour demander ou donner une explication ? Quelles sont les difficultes que rencontrent les apprenants du francais langue seconde (L2) lorsqu'ils demandent ou donnent une explication ? Quelles opportunites peuvent emerger de la participation a des interactions en classe pour developper la competence d'explication ? Cet ouvrage vise a repondre a ces questions a travers l'etude approfondie de sequences d'explication prenant place en classe de francais L2. Il propose une description systematique de la maniere dont ces sequences

Explanation (Linguistics) --- French language --- Second language acquisition --- Acquisition. --- Study and teaching --- Foreign speakers. --- Methodology. --- Second language learning --- Language acquisition --- Explanatory (Linguistics) --- Explanatory adequacy (Linguistics) --- Linguistic analysis (Linguistics) --- interactions en classe --- conversation analysis --- apprentissage d’une langue seconde --- analyse conversationnelle --- explication --- competence development of interaction --- développement de la compétence d’interaction --- explanation --- classroom interactions --- learning a second language

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As a powerful tool in the production of knowledge, comparing plays a crucial part in the sciences and the humanities. This volume explores the relationship between comparing and narrating in epistemic practices and clarifies the ways in which narratives enable or impede practices of comparing. It takes into account related activities, such as measuring and classifying, modeling, establishing norms and categories, as well as organizing and popularizing knowledge, to analyze the ambivalent relationship between narratives, scientific explanation, and understanding. The contributions bring out the epistemic role of narratives, and elucidate how narratives are connected to comparisons and scientific explanations.

HISTORY / Social History. --- Bielefeld University Press. --- Explanation. --- History of Art. --- History of Science. --- Literary Studies. --- Narrative. --- Philosophy of Science. --- Science. --- Sociology of Science. --- Comparison; Narrative; Explanation; History of Science; History of Art; Science; Philosophy of Science; Sociology of Science; Literary Studies; Bielefeld University Press --- Knowledge, Theory of. --- Science --- Discourse analysis, Narrative. --- Philosophy. --- Narrative discourse analysis --- Narration (Rhetoric) --- Normal science --- Philosophy of science --- Epistemology --- Theory of knowledge --- Philosophy --- Psychology --- Comparison --- Narrative --- Explanation --- History of Science --- History of Art --- Philosophy of Science --- Sociology of Science --- Literary Studies --- Bielefeld University Press

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The expansion of urban areas has facilitated the conversion of undeveloped lands, which has led to environmental degradation, such as loss of habitats, hydro-modification, and the collapse of existing ecosystems. Recent climate change has exacerbated these damages by causing more frequent and serious hazards. To attenuate the impacts of urbanization and the negative effects of climate change, green infrastructure (GI) planning (e.g., nature-based strategies, technologies, policies, and solutions) has arisen as an important approach for balancing urban development and nature. GI offers a variety of benefits to our cities by reducing stormwater runoff, heat waves, and air pollution; expanding wildlife habitats; and increasing recreational opportunities and even nearby property values.

stormwater management --- urban heat island --- cost–benefit analysis --- ecosystem services --- urban green infrastructure --- green infrastructure --- indexing --- random forest --- interpretation of machine learning --- urbanization --- shapley additive explanation --- park characteristic --- extreme gradient boost --- Dallas --- land use land cover --- construction site --- particulate matter emissions --- emission factor --- prediction technology --- urban shrinkage --- vacancy parcel data --- multilevel analysis --- predicting vacancy --- access inequity --- systematic mapping --- empirical studies --- city scale --- inequity mitigation