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Latin America; multiplicity; experiences; 20th century

Society & social sciences --- Latin America --- multiplicity --- experiences --- 20th century

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Useful, usable, desirable, publié par l’American Library Association (ALA) en 2014, est à la fois un manifeste et un guide pratique, proche du livre de recettes, résolument centré sur l’utilisateur des bibliothèques et qui permet de faire une auto-évaluation de son propre établissement et d’engager des chantiers d’amélioration des services aux publics. Écrit dans un style très proche du guide touristique, interpellant le lecteur, il a pour ambition de s’adresser à tout professionnel des bibliothèques, quels que soient son grade, sa nationalité et l’établissement dans lequel il travaille.

Library, Information & Communication sciences --- bibliothèques universitaires --- design participatif --- évaluations --- expériences utilisateurs

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Since the beginning of the 20th Century, phenomenology has developed a distinction between lived body (Leib) and physical body (Koerper), a distinction well known as body-subject vs. body-object (Hanna and Thompson 2007). The lived body is the body experienced from within - my own direct experience of my body lived in the first-person perspective, myself as a spatiotemporal embodied agent in the world. The physical body on the other hand, is the body thematically investigated from a third person perspective by natural sciences as anatomy and physiology. An active topic affecting the understanding of several psychopathological disorders is the relatively unknown dynamic existing between aspects related to the body-object (that comprises the neurobiological substrate of the disease) and the body-subject (the experiences reported by patients) (Nelson and Sass 2017). A clue testifying the need to better explore this dynamic in the psychopathological context is the marked gap that still exists between patients’ clinical reports (generally entailing disturbing experiences) and etiopathogenetic theories and therapeutic practices, that are mainly postulated at a bodily/brain level of description and analysis. The phenomenological exploration typically targets descriptions of persons’ lived experience. For instance, patients suffering from schizophrenia may describe their thoughts as alien (‘‘thoughts are intruding into my head’’) and the world surrounding them as fragmented (‘‘the world is a series of snapshots’’) (Stanghellini et al., 2015). The result is a rich and detailed collection of the patients’ qualitative self-descriptions (Stanghellini and Rossi, 2014), that reveal fundamental changes in the structure of experiencing and can be captured by using specific assessment tools (Parnas et al. 2005; Sass et al. 2017; Stanghellini et al., 2014). The practice of considering the objective and the subjective levels of analysis as separated in the research studies design has many unintended consequences. Primarily, it has the effect of limiting actionable neuroscientific progress within clinical practice. This holds true both in terms of availability of evidence-based treatments for the disorders, as well as for early diagnosis purposes. In response to this need, this collection of articles aims to promote an interdisciplinary endeavor to better connect the bodily, objective level of analysis with its experiential corollary. This is accomplished by focusing on the convergence between (neuro) physiological evidence and the phenomenological manifestations of anomalous bodily experiences present in different disorders.

Phenomenology --- Anorexia --- Mirror neurons system --- Self disorders --- multisensory integration --- Schizophrenia --- embodiment --- Psychopathology --- anomalous bodily experiences --- Neurophysiology

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So-called altered states of consciousness (ASC) are an intriguing, still under-researched topic, with profound neuropsychological and epistemological implications. In the last few decades there has been increasing multidisciplinary interest in consciousness and ASC, a term encompassing a wide range of pathological and non-pathological conditions, including dreaming, near-death experiences (NDEs), hypnagogic states, hallucinogenic experiences, epileptic seizures, psychotic symptoms, coma, and minimally conscious states. There has also been considerable research on procedures that may affect ASC including hypnosis and various forms of meditation. Since the term altered implies for some abnormality or dysfunction, the concept of anomalous experiences (not necessarily implying pathology) is increasingly used and more general.The term non-ordinary mental expressions (NOME) encompasses both anomalous (at least for a particular culture at a particular time) experiences and related neuropsychological processes and induction procedures. Our use of non-ordinary: a) does not assume pathology; and b) is suitable for sophisticated and positive mental activities, including, creativity, intuition, and some forms of spirituality. We use the term mind to include both conscious and preconscious processes, and question the notion that, “ordinary,” waking consciousness provides the only epistemologically valid stance with regard to the mind and its interactions with reality. Similarly, although genius and madness both imply something beyond normal, they differ importantly in their ontology and implications.In short, NOME refers to both experiences and procedures that seek to change short- or long-term psychological processes. Regarding the latter, meditation is an intentional activity, calling for training of attention and reflective awareness, and varying in specific procedures and outcomes. With regard to an absence of pathology, NDEs, which have several features in common with mystical experiences, may occur in the absence of any brain disorder and bring about positive changes. Reductionist interpretations of NDEs as pathophysiological do not explain nor encompass the whole range of their phenomenology. Instead, brain areas and neurotransmitters potentially involved in these experiences may provide a common terrain for both pathological and non-pathological mind expressions.

Psychology. --- Social Sciences. --- Behavioral sciences --- Human sciences --- Sciences, Social --- Social science --- Social studies --- Civilization --- Mental philosophy --- Mind --- Science, Mental --- Human biology --- Philosophy --- Soul --- Mental health --- out-of-body experiences --- psychedelics --- near-death-experiences --- onsciousness --- Meditation --- PSI --- Hypnosis --- Anomalous experience --- MDMA

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Smyslem Standardu je explicitně pojmenovat expertní vědění učitelů základních a středních škol a akademických pracovníků pedagogické fakulty o tom, co je to kvalitně připravená, realizovaná a evaluovaná výuka. Standard slouží především studentům učitelství k orientaci v nárocích na kvalitu výuky na ZŠ/SŠ, k posuzování stavu a monitorování pokroku svých profesních kompetencí. V neposlední řadě Standard pomáhá utvářet sdílené porozumění tomu, co je to kvalita výuky v komunitě budoucích a stávajících učitelů a sjednocovat tak aktéry podílející se na pregraduální přípravě budoucích učitelů.

Student teachers. --- Student teaching. --- Practice teaching --- Professional laboratory experiences (Education) --- Teaching laboratories --- Practicums --- Teachers --- Teaching --- Preservice teachers --- Training of