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This book has included the following major sections: ""Introduction"", ""History of Biochar,"" ""Preparation of Biochar,"" and ""Applications of Biochar."" The editor and authors hope that the development of biochar can cross its application field from agriculture into engineering.

Biochar. --- Engineering applications. --- Biomass energy --- Charcoal --- Engineering --- Soil Science --- Physical Sciences --- Engineering and Technology --- Environmental Engineering

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ICICS-2020 is the third conference initiated by the School of Electronics and Electrical Engineering at Lovely Professional University that explored recent innovations of researchers working for the development of smart and green technologies in the fields of Energy, Electronics, Communications, Computers, and Control. ICICS provides innovators to identify new opportunities for the social and economic benefits of society. This conference bridges the gap between academics and R & D institutions, social visionaries, and experts from all strata of society to present their ongoing research activities and foster research relations between them. It provides opportunities for the exchange of new ideas, applications, and experiences in the field of smart technologies and finding global partners for future collaboration. The ICICS-2020 was conducted in two broad categories, Intelligent Circuits & Intelligent Systems and Emerging Technologies in Electrical Engineering.

Artificial intelligence. --- Integrated circuits. --- Chips (Electronics) --- Circuits, Integrated --- Computer chips --- Microchips --- Electronic circuits --- Microelectronics --- AI (Artificial intelligence) --- Artificial thinking --- Electronic brains --- Intellectronics --- Intelligence, Artificial --- Intelligent machines --- Machine intelligence --- Thinking, Artificial --- Bionics --- Cognitive science --- Digital computer simulation --- Electronic data processing --- Logic machines --- Machine theory --- Self-organizing systems --- Simulation methods --- Fifth generation computers --- Neural computers --- Artificial intelligence --- Engineering applications. --- Engineering --- Data processing

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Today, mainly man-made materials, such as carbon and glass fibers, are used to produce composite parts in aviation. Renewable materials, such as natural fibers or bio-sourced resin systems, have not yet found their way into aviation. The project ECO-COMPASS aims to evaluate the potential applications of ecologically improved composite materials in the aviation sector in an international collaboration of Chinese and European partners. Natural fibers such as flax and ramie will be used for different types of reinforcements and sandwich cores. Furthermore, bio-based epoxy resins to substitute bisphenol-A based epoxy resins in secondary structures are under investigation. Adapted material protection technologies to reduce environmental influence and to improve fire resistance are needed to fulfil the demanding safety requirements in aviation. Modelling and simulation of chosen eco-composites aims for an optimized use of materials while a Life Cycle Assessment aims to prove the ecological advantages compared to synthetic state-of-the-art materials. This Special Issue provides selected papers from the project consortium partners.

physical properties --- n/a --- plant fiber --- fracture toughness --- eco-composite --- functional composites --- flax fibre --- balsa --- bio-composites --- hybrid composite --- interface --- itaconic acid --- sandwich structures --- nonwoven --- flax --- engineering applications --- paper --- carbon nanotubes --- composite --- recycled carbon fibre --- poly-lactic acid --- rosin acid --- aviation sector --- crack sensing --- bio-sourced epoxy --- life cycle assessment --- natural fibre --- electrical properties --- glass fibre --- polymer nanocomposites --- environmental impacts --- multi-scale modeling --- function integrated interleave --- ramie fiber --- bio-based epoxy --- hybrid --- fabric --- sound absorption --- microstructures --- thermosetting resin --- wet-laying --- electrical conductivity --- green composite

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This Open-Access-book addresses the issue of translating mathematical expressions from LaTeX to the syntax of Computer Algebra Systems (CAS). Over the past decades, especially in the domain of Sciences, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM), LaTeX has become the de-facto standard to typeset mathematical formulae in publications. Since scientists are generally required to publish their work, LaTeX has become an integral part of today's publishing workflow. On the other hand, modern research increasingly relies on CAS to simplify, manipulate, compute, and visualize mathematics. However, existing LaTeX import functions in CAS are limited to simple arithmetic expressions and are, therefore, insufficient for most use cases. Consequently, the workflow of experimenting and publishing in the Sciences often includes time-consuming and error-prone manual conversions between presentational LaTeX and computational CAS formats. To address the lack of a reliable and comprehensive translation tool between LaTeX and CAS, this thesis makes the following three contributions. First, it provides an approach to semantically enhance LaTeX expressions with sufficient semantic information for translations into CAS syntaxes. Second, it demonstrates the first context-aware LaTeX to CAS translation framework LaCASt. Third, the thesis provides a novel approach to evaluate the performance for LaTeX to CAS translations on large-scaled datasets with an automatic verification of equations in digital mathematical libraries. About the Author Dr. André Greiner-Petter is a postdoctoral researcher at the NII.

Maths for engineers --- Artificial intelligence --- Algebra --- LaTeX --- Computer Algebra Systems --- Presentational Mathematics --- Presentation to Computation Translations --- Computable Mathematics --- Mathematical Information Retrieval --- Engineering mathematics. --- Engineering—Data processing. --- Computational intelligence. --- Algebra. --- Artificial intelligence. --- Mathematical and Computational Engineering Applications. --- Computational Intelligence. --- Artificial Intelligence. --- AI (Artificial intelligence) --- Artificial thinking --- Electronic brains --- Intellectronics --- Intelligence, Artificial --- Intelligent machines --- Machine intelligence --- Thinking, Artificial --- Bionics --- Cognitive science --- Digital computer simulation --- Electronic data processing --- Logic machines --- Machine theory --- Self-organizing systems --- Simulation methods --- Fifth generation computers --- Neural computers --- Mathematics --- Mathematical analysis --- Intelligence, Computational --- Soft computing --- Engineering --- Engineering analysis

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Hydrogels are a class of soft materials with crosslinked network structures. They show good biocompatibility, biodegradability, hydrophilicity, and mechanical properties similar to those of tissue, so they have a wide range of applications. In recent years, a variety of multifunctional hydrogels with excellent performance have been developed, greatly expanding the depth and breadth of their applications. This book is the reprint of the Special Issue “Advances in Hydrogels”, which focused on the recent advances regarding hydrogels, aiming to provide reference for researchers in related fields. This book included one editorial, thirteen original research articles, and three valuable reviews from thirteen different countries including Canada, China, Thailand, Mexico, India, Saudi Arabia, Chile, Germany, the Czech Republic, Colombia, Romania, Israel, and the USA.

Research & information: general --- Physics --- molecularly imprinted polymeric hydrogels --- synthetic receptors --- zearalenone --- glucuronic acid --- fluorescent sensors --- PEG-PLA --- thermoresponsive hydrogel --- redox-sensitive --- hydrogel --- superabsorbent --- e-beam --- swelling --- crosslinking --- carboxymethyl cellulose --- drying --- RW --- CHD --- radiation penetration depth --- lecithin --- rheology --- scanning electron microscopy --- drying and swelling --- extracellular matrix --- mesh size --- hydrogels --- photopolymers --- volume holography --- photo curing --- multifunctional biomedical biomaterials --- light-responsive materials --- novel formulations --- natural polymer --- synthetic polymer --- topical application --- cryoconcentrated blueberry juice --- stability --- storage --- bioactive compounds content --- antioxidant activity --- water gel --- photocrosslinking --- natural polymer modification --- biomedical-engineering applications --- vitamin D --- nanoemulsion --- gelled matrices --- texture analysis --- gelatin --- sensory evaluation --- gummy --- thermosensitive --- P(OEGMA-co-MEO2MA) --- microgel --- scaffold --- 3D culture --- commercial copper sulfide (CuS) --- alginate --- photothermal therapy (PTT) --- near-infrared II windows --- cancer --- glioblastoma --- mechanobiology --- mechanoreceptor --- mechanotransduction --- quercetin --- cyclodextrin --- polyvinyl alcohol --- inclusion complex --- photo-polymerization --- potassium acrylate-co-acrylamide --- swelling capacity --- multistructured --- adhesive strength --- hydrogen bonding --- n/a