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Earth Observations (EO) encompasses different types of sensors (e.g., SAR, LiDAR, Optical and multispectral) and platforms (e.g., satellites, aircraft, and Unmanned Aerial Vehicles) and enables us to monitor and model geohazards over regions at different scales in which ground observations may not be possible due to physical and/or political constraints. EO can provide high spatial, temporal and spectral resolution, stereo-mapping and all-weather-imaging capabilities, but not by a single satellite at a time. Improved satellite and sensor technologies, increased frequency of satellite measurements, and easier access and interpretation of EO information have all contributed to the increased demand for satellite EO data. EO, combined with complementary terrestrial observations and with physical models, have been widely used to monitor geohazards, revolutionizing our understanding of how the Earth system works.

LiDAR --- InSAR --- remote sensing --- earthquake --- UAV --- landslide --- land subsidence --- earth observation --- surface displacement --- geohazards --- deformation --- optical --- damage assessment

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This open access book is a consolidation of lessons learnt and experiences gathered from our efforts to utilise Earth observation (EO) science and applications to address environmental challenges in the Hindu Kush Himalayan region. It includes a complete package of knowledge on service life cycles including multi-disciplinary topics and practically tested applications for the HKH. It comprises 19 chapters drawing from a decade’s worth of experience gleaned over the course of our implementation of SERVIR-HKH – a joint initiative of NASA, USAID, and ICIMOD – to build capacity on using EO and geospatial technology for effective decision making in the region. The book highlights SERVIR’s approaches to the design and delivery of information services – in agriculture and food security; land cover and land use change, and ecosystems; water resources and hydro-climatic disasters; and weather and climate services. It also touches upon multidisciplinary topics such as service planning; gender integration; user engagement; capacity building; communication; and monitoring, evaluation, and learning. We hope that this book will be a good reference document for professionals and practitioners working in remote sensing, geographic information systems, regional and spatial sciences, climate change, ecosystems, and environmental analysis. Furthermore, we are hopeful that policymakers, academics, and other informed audiences working in sustainable development and evaluation – beyond the wider SERVIR network and well as within it – will greatly benefit from what we share here on our applications, case studies, and documentation across cross-cutting topics.

Geographical information systems (GIS) & remote sensing --- Ecological science, the Biosphere --- Environmental monitoring --- Climate change --- Political economy --- Earth observation --- Geoinformation technology --- Agriculture and food security --- Land use land cover --- Flooding and extreme weather --- Climate services --- Service area planning --- User engagement --- Capacity building --- Disaster risk reduction --- Open Access

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This book brings together a total of six papers in an interdisciplinary way at the border of natural disasters and cultural heritage. There is a need for studying and documenting cultural heritage in Arctic landscapes, as these are the most affected by climate change. Remote sensing represents a powerful tool in the monitoring, management and safeguarding of cultural heritage. Sites included in the UNESCO World Heritage List should receive more attention from both geoscientists and social scientists. Urbanization has a short- and long-lasting effect on the conservation of cultural heritage.

cultural heritage --- frequency ratio --- AUC --- predictive modelling --- GIS --- Kvamme’s Gain --- north-eastern Romania --- coastal erosion --- shoreline --- monitoring --- geomorphological mapping --- Svalbard --- DSAS --- high Arctic --- muqarnas --- Alhambra --- graphic analysis --- drawings --- 3D laser scanner --- historical images --- UNESCO --- Spain --- erosion --- Beothuk --- GRASS --- photogrammetry --- UAV --- Newfoundland --- remote sensing --- Earth observation --- satellite imagery --- multi-temporal analysis --- urban heat island --- persistent scatterer interferometry --- long-term monitoring --- cultural heritage assessment --- Alba Iulia (Apulum) --- LiDAR --- satellite image --- aerial image --- High North

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Probably, the most well-documented, and at the same time, simple conceptual method for predicting runoff depth from rainfall depth is the Soil Conservation Service curve number (SCS-CN) method. This Special Issue presents the latest developments in the SCS-CN methodology, including, but not limited to, novel applications, theoretical and conceptual studies broadening the current understanding, studies extending the method’s application in other geographical regions or other scientific fields, substantial evaluation studies, and ultimately, key advancements towards addressing the key remaining challenges, such as: improving the SCS-CN method runoff predictions without sacrificing its current level of simplicity; moving towards a unique generally accepted procedure for CN determination from rainfall-runoff data; improving the initial abstraction estimation; investigating the integration of SCS-CN method in long-term continuous hydrological models and the implementation of various soil moisture accounting systems; extending and adopting the existing CNs documentation in a broader range of regions, land uses and climatic conditions; and utilizing novel modeling, geoinformation systems, and remote sensing techniques to improve the performance and the efficiency of the method.

SCS --- initial abstraction ratio --- curve number --- bootstrap --- rainfall–runoff model --- Curve Number --- direct runoff --- SCS-CN method --- small catchment --- storm duration --- soil moisture --- slope --- Soil Conservation Service Curve Number method --- runoff prediction --- runoff --- SCS-CN --- NRCS-CN --- earth observation --- LUCC --- wildfire --- urbanization --- design hydrograph --- EBA4SUB --- mountainous catchments --- rainfall-runoff models --- ungauged catchments --- initial abstraction coefficient --- slope-adjusted curve number --- rainfall --- precise runoff --- model accuracy --- HEC-HMS --- rainfall-runoff modelling --- SCS–CN method --- Jeju Island --- initial abstraction --- maximum potential retention --- antecedent moisture condition --- n/a --- rainfall-runoff model

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This book collects 15 papers written by renowned scholars from across the globe that showcase the forefront research in Earth observation (EO), remote sensing (RS), and geoscientific ground investigations to study archaeological records and cultural heritage.Archaeologists, anthropologists, geographers, remote sensing, and archaeometry experts share their methodologies relying on a wealth of techniques and data including, but not limited to: very high resolution satellite images from optical and radar space-borne sensors, air-borne surveys, geographic information systems (GIS), archaeological fieldwork, and historical maps.A couple of the contributions highlight the value of noninvasive and nondestructive laboratory analyses (e.g., neutron diffraction) to reconstruct ancient manufacturing technologies, and of geological ground investigations to corroborate hypotheses of historical events that shaped cultural landscapes.Case studies encompass famous UNESCO World Heritage Sites (e.g., the Nasca Lines in Peru), remote and yet-to-discover archaeological areas in tropical forests in central America, European countries, south Asian changing landscapes, and environments which are arid nowadays but were probably full of woody vegetation in the past.Finally, the reader can learn about the state-of-the-art of education initiatives to train site managers in the use of space technologies in support of their activities, and can understand the legal aspects involved in the application of EO and RS to address current challenges of African heritage preservation.

settlements --- historical landscapes --- floods --- landscape archaeology --- education --- archaeological fieldwork --- Burial Mound --- geoglyph Pista --- OBIA --- satellite imagery --- multi-criteria --- airborne LiDAR --- international law --- Survey of India --- mapping --- Landscape --- Africa --- heritage --- Belize --- relict boundaries --- capacity development --- synthetic aperture radar --- disaster and conservation management --- Motte-and-Bailey castle --- neutron techniques --- Cuenca Pisco --- grain-size --- geological mapping --- Peru --- Visualization --- drones --- volcaniclastic layer --- UAV --- Harra --- stratigraphy --- Archaeology --- e-learning --- field reconnaissance --- neutron diffraction --- archaeological prospection --- Jordan --- Mesoamerica --- predictive model --- Ridge and Furrow --- Mega El Niño --- Earth Observation --- archaeological landscapes --- colonial studies --- river morphology --- pampa of Nazca --- optical --- Boundary Demarcation --- space law --- orthophotographs --- Oman --- GoogleEarth --- archaeometry --- Cameroon-Nigeria Mixed Commission --- national archaeological mapping programme --- Maya --- Sacred --- subsurface imaging --- basalt desert --- Indus --- archaeological survey --- Sentinel-2 --- surface survey --- Ritual --- remote sensing --- microwave penetration --- Difference Map --- drone --- tumuli --- GIS --- international boundaries --- Lidar --- Caves --- Archaeological Survey of India --- chemometric analysis --- UNESCO --- Rio Grande de Nazca --- SAR --- photogrammetry --- Earth observation --- arid environments --- Sumerian pottery --- cultural and natural heritage --- free satellite imagery --- field monument --- RPAS --- archaeology --- historical maps --- satellite --- petrography --- automated detection --- pattern recognition --- Arran --- LiDAR --- airborne laser scanning --- landscape accessibility --- Geographic Information System (GIS) --- Bing Maps --- analytic hierarchy process (AHP) --- Roman archaeology --- Saharan Morocco