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Various cosmological observations support not only cosmological inflation in the early universe, which is also known as exponential cosmic expansion, but also that the expansion of the late-time universe is accelerating. To explain this phenomenon, the existence of dark energy is proposed. In addition, according to the rotation curve of galaxies, the existence of dark matter, which does not shine, is also suggested. If primordial gravitational waves are detected in the future, the mechanism for realizing inflation can be revealed. Moreover, there exist two main candidates for dark matter. The first is a new particle, the existence of which is predicted in particle physics. The second is an astrophysical object which is not found by electromagnetic waves. Furthermore, there are two representative approaches to account for the accelerated expansion of the current universe. One is to assume the unknown dark energy in general relativity. The other is to extend the gravity theory to large scales. Investigation of the origins of inflation, dark matter, and dark energy is one of the most fundamental problems in modern physics and cosmology. The purpose of this book is to explore the physics and cosmology of inflation, dark matter, and dark energy.

de Sitter vacuum --- n/a --- Einstein-Aether theory of gravity --- Supernovae --- apparatus --- normal galaxies --- higher dimension gauged super-gravity black hole --- dark energy model --- cosmo–particle physics --- instruments --- Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) temperature --- Dark Energy --- hyper-color --- quantum tunneling phenomenon --- spacetime symmetry --- parametrizations --- quantum gravity --- dynamical Chern–Simons modified gravity --- comparative planetology --- properties of specific particles --- particle physics --- dark matter --- Hawking radiation --- memory --- junction conditions --- cosmology --- composite dark matter --- dosmological parameters --- field theory --- Dark Matter --- cosmological model --- extragalactic objects and systems --- scalar–tensor gravity --- fundamental astronomy --- cosmoligical parameters --- cosmological parameters --- Baryon Acoustic Oscillation (BAO) --- dark atoms --- quantum optical systems --- brans-dicke theory --- dark energy models --- loop quantum cosmology --- dark energy --- galactic rotation curve --- astronomical and space-research instrumentation --- null hypersurfaces --- QCD --- quantum optics --- Hubble constant --- and components common to several branches of physics and astronomy --- statistical analysis --- cosmo-particle physics --- dynamical Chern-Simons modified gravity --- scalar-tensor gravity

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The multiverse is a concept that acknowledges the existence of a multiplicity of worlds or universes. The designs of these universes do not have to be the same as our universe, but we have no clear view of what the “other” designs might be. It is suspected that they can obey different laws of physics and different constants of physics, which further implies different chemistry, biology, and life. Some say that the universes within the multiverse allow for different mathematics or even for different metamathematical logic. This book discusses most of the above aspects of the multiverse concept starting with the philosophy, through all the mathematical and physical subtleties, finally exploring the origin of life and consciousness. This book provides a satisfying intellectual exploration of front-edge advances in contemporary cosmology.

multiverse --- Leibniz --- other worlds --- multiverse levels --- habitability --- stars --- quantum cosmology --- origin of the universe --- time reversal symmetry --- planets --- life --- varying constants --- anthropic principle --- multiverse entanglement --- multiverse tests --- mass extinctions --- string theory --- string landscape --- dark energy --- creation from nothing --- soft entry --- quantum gravity --- Wheeler-de Witt-equation --- Bohm-like interpretation --- volume-quantisation --- space atoms --- information storage and transfer --- philosophy of multiverse --- categories of multiverses --- different physics universes --- superstring multiverse --- dark multiverse --- universe-antiuniverse pair creation --- multiverse habitability: stars, planets, life, consciousness --- falsifiability of multiverses

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Intensive studies on light–matter interactions and technological breakthroughs, especially conducted in the field of dressed photon research, have led to a growing concern regarding unsettled off-shell quantum field interactions. The Special Issue, entitled “Quantum Fields and Off-Shell Sciences”, was organized to promote the progress of such research activities from a wider perspective, not limited to dressed photon studies. This book contains excellent papers that were published in this Special Issue. It will provide scientific and technical information on the quantum fields and off-shell sciences to scientists, engineers, and students who are and will be engaged in this field.

Research & information: general --- Physics --- dressed photon --- dressed photon constant --- natural units --- Heisenberg cut --- de Sitter space --- dark energy --- dark matter --- cosmological constant --- twin universes --- conformal cyclic cosmology --- quantum walk --- scattering theory --- energy --- survival probability --- attractor eigenspace --- category --- algebra --- state --- category algebra --- state on category --- noncommutative probability --- quantum probability --- GNS representation --- quantum measurement --- C*-algebra --- algebraic quantum field theory --- local net --- extension of local net --- completely positive instrument --- macroscopic distinguishability --- Grassmann manifold --- flag manifold --- pre-homogeneous vector space --- invariants --- category theory --- nonstandard analysis --- coarse geometry --- quantum field --- combinatorial optimization --- Ising spin glass --- coupled oscillator --- eigenmode --- clustering --- localization --- dissipation --- off-shell science --- non-equilibrium open system --- quantum master equation --- quantum density matrix --- projection operator --- renormalization --- discrete-time quantum walk --- scattering quantum random walk --- Grover walk --- pathfinding --- network

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This reprint, which was edited by Prof. Dr. Nazar R. Ikhsanov, Prof. Dr. Galina L. Klimchitskaya, and Prof. Dr. Vladimir M. Mostepanenko, contains research and review articles published in a Special Issue of the journal Universe in memory of outstanding astrophysicist Prof. Dr. Yuri N. Gnedin, who organized and led the Department of Astrophysics at the famous Pulkovo Observatory of the Russian Academy of Sciences for several decades. In these articles, the reader will find new and intriguing ideas in several topical problems of astrophysics as well as comprehensive and readily accessible sketches of a few recently performed investigations.

accretion disks --- magnetic fields --- polarization --- active galactic nuclei --- supermassive black holes --- dark matter axions --- non-Newtonian gravity --- measurements of the Casimir force --- hypothetical particles --- neutron stars --- radiation transfer --- dark energy --- dark matter --- Hubble constant --- numerical simulation --- magnetic hydrodynamics (MHD) --- hot Jupiters --- magnetic field --- chemically peculiar stars --- observation --- Herbig Ae/Be stars --- disk accretion --- magnetosphere --- individual: HD 10141 --- HD 259431 --- HD 104237 --- HD 37806 --- close binaries --- black holes --- evolution of binary stars --- fast blue optical transients --- non-thermal particle acceleration --- particle-in-cell plasma modeling --- high energy cosmic rays --- brown dwarf --- X-ray emission --- microwave radiation --- magnetic loops --- particle acceleration --- magnetars stars --- X-rays and stars --- star atmospheres --- plasmas --- scattering --- radiative transfer --- protoplanetary disk --- scattered radiation --- linear polarization --- UX Ori stars --- RW Aur --- n/a

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Modern information communication technology eradicates barriers of geographic distances, making the world globally interdependent, but this spatial globalization has not eliminated cultural fragmentation. The Two Cultures of C.P. Snow (that of science–technology and that of humanities) are drifting apart even faster than before, and they themselves crumble into increasingly specialized domains. Disintegrated knowledge has become subservient to the competition in technological and economic race leading in the direction chosen not by the reason, intellect, and shared value-based judgement, but rather by the whims of autocratic leaders or fashion controlled by marketers for the purposes of political or economic dominance. If we want to restore the authority of our best available knowledge and democratic values in guiding humanity, first we have to reintegrate scattered domains of human knowledge and values and offer an evolving and diverse vision of common reality unified by sound methodology. This collection of articles responds to the call from the journal Philosophies to build a new, networked world of knowledge with domain specialists from different disciplines interacting and connecting with other knowledge-and-values-producing and knowledge-and-values-consuming communities in an inclusive, extended, contemporary natural–philosophic manner. In this process of synthesis, scientific and philosophical investigations enrich each other—with sciences informing philosophies about the best current knowledge of the world, both natural and human-made—while philosophies scrutinize the ontological, epistemological, and methodological foundations of sciences, providing scientists with questions and conceptual analyses. This is all directed at extending and deepening our existing comprehension of the world, including ourselves, both as humans and as societies, and humankind.

pessimistic induction --- n/a --- qualitative ontology --- dissipative structures --- physicalism --- agent-based reasoning --- thermodynamics --- the logic of nature --- reverse mathematics --- theoretical unity --- state-space approach --- common good --- naturalization of logic --- monad --- metaphysics --- reflexive psychology --- knowledge --- neurodynamics --- consciousness --- third-way reasoning --- induction and discovery of laws --- mind-matter relations --- exoplanet --- Second Law of thermodynamics --- unitarity --- philosophical foundations --- in the name of nature --- big crunch --- epistemology --- eco-cognitive model --- active imagination --- aesthetics in science --- science --- second-person description --- subsumptive hierarchy --- 1st-person and 3rd-person perspectives --- discursive space --- space flight --- complexity --- cybernetics --- cosmology --- matter --- realism --- eco-cognitive openness --- hylomorphism --- measurement --- fallacies --- induction --- vacuum --- physics --- mental representation --- embodiment --- problem of induction --- contradiction --- internalism --- Jungian psychology --- synthesis --- exceptional experiences --- mind --- relational biology --- symmetry breaking --- emergence --- phenomenological psychology --- Aristotle’s four causes --- humanistic management --- real computing --- A.N. Whitehead --- final cause --- naturalism --- induction and concept formation --- temporality --- dispositions --- dark energy --- heterogeneity --- Naturphilosophie --- computation --- causality --- memory evolutive system --- natural philosophy --- quantum computing --- philosophy of information --- self --- information --- analytical psychology --- logic --- indeterminacy --- scientific method --- dialectics --- computability --- language --- ethics --- perception --- philosophy of nature --- agonism --- errors of reasoning --- everyday lifeworld --- emptiness --- awareness --- unity of knowledge --- digitization --- fitness --- depth psychology --- info-computational model --- creativity --- ontology --- philosophy as a way of life --- development --- void --- big freeze --- signal transduction --- abduction --- retrocausality --- dual-aspect monism --- quantum information --- theoretical biology --- acategoriality --- epistemic norms --- evolutionary psychology --- apophasis --- differentiation --- memory --- centripetality --- mathematics --- Leibniz --- Ivor Leclerc --- spatial representation --- subjective experience --- intentionality --- evidence and justification --- internal quantum state --- scientific progress --- holographic encoding --- information-theory --- qualia --- anticipation --- naturalization --- F.W.J. Schelling --- L. Smolin --- R.M. Unger --- Aristotle --- dual aspects --- process --- theory of everything --- philosophy of science --- cognition --- compositional hierarchy --- autocatalysis --- discourse --- emergentist reductionism --- form --- regulation --- contingency --- endogenous selection --- category theory --- Science --- Philosophy of nature. --- Philosophy. --- Nature --- Nature, Philosophy of --- Natural theology --- Normal science --- Philosophy of science --- Philosophy --- Aristotle's four causes