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Correct word identification and processing is a prerequisite for accurate reading, and decades of psycholinguistic and neuroscientific research have shown that the magical moments of visual word recognition are short-lived and markedly fast. The time window in which a given letter string passes from being a mere sequence of printed curves and strokes to acquiring the word status takes around one third of a second. In a few hundred milliseconds, a skilled reader recognizes an isolated word and carries out a number of underlying processes, such as the encoding of letter position and letter identity, and lexico-semantic information retrieval. However, the precise manner (and order) in which these processes occur (or co-occur) is a matter of contention subject to empirical research. There’s no agreement regarding the precise timing of some of the essential processes that guide visual word processing, such as precise letter identification, letter position assignment or sub-word unit processing (bigrams, trigrams, syllables, morphemes), among others. Which is the sequence of processes that lead to lexical access? How do these and other processes interact with each other during the early moments of word processing? Do these processes occur in a serial fashion or do they take place in parallel? Are these processes subject to mutual interaction principles? Is feedback allowed for within the earliest stages of word identification? And ultimately, when does the reader’s brain effectively identify a given word? A vast number of questions remain open, and this Research Topic will cover some of them, giving the readership the opportunity to understand how the scientific community faces the problem of modeling the early stages of word identification according to the latest neuroscientific findings. The present Research Topic aims to combine recent experimental evidence on early word processing from different techniques together with comprehensive reviews of the current work directions, in order to create a landmark forum in which experts in the field define the state of the art and future directions. We are willing to receive submissions of empirical as well as theoretical and review articles based on different computational and neuroscience-oriented methodologies. We especially encourage researchers primarily using electrophysiological or magnetoencephalographic techniques as well as eye-tracking to participate, given that these techniques provide us with the opportunity to uncover the mysteries of lexical access allowing for a fine-grained time-course analysis. The main focus of interest will concern the processes that are held within the initial 250-300 milliseconds after word presentation, covering areas that link basic visuo-attentional systems with linguistic mechanisms.
Psychology. --- compound words --- Eye Movements --- word recognition --- word-initial letter constraint --- reading --- contextual predictability --- word frequency
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At the dawn of the third millennium, we are confronted with a disturbing phenomenon: although global life expectancy still increases, this is not the case for healthy life expectancy! The explanation of this seemingly contradiction is mainly due to the rising prevalence of the new pandemia of chronic non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Even in low and middle income countries, the improvement in healthcare status and life expectancy is paralled by the increase of NCDs, as in all countries worldwide. Since the United Nations General Assembly held in New York in 2011, many publications have emphasized the close link between NCDs and nutrition. The NCDs epidemic forces us to reconsider the public health perspectives. Many governments, non-governmental organizations and other institutions are actively involved in educational nutrition programs and campaigns; however their efforts seldom obtain the results hoped for. It is extremely difficult to induce changes in lifestyle and behavior that have built up over a long period of time. However, it becomes urgent to adapt to our changing life-environment where traditional wisdom and intuitive choices are giving way to individual thinking and search for (often uncontrolled) information. This engenders a number of unprecedented challenges and it calls for a re-appraisal of the existing paradigms to achieve an adequate management of the upstream determinants of health instead of a (pre)dominant medical and hospital-centric approach. In the era of personalized healthcare, it is time to empower policy makers, professionals and citizens for achieving an evidence-based change in the health-disease interface and decision-making process for public health interventions. The scientific and professional society Health Technology Assessment International (HTAi) has recognized nutrition as a health technology by creating a Interest Group (IG) dedicated to research on methodologies and assessments of nutrition-related public health, while taking into account contextual factors (ethical, legal, social, organizational, economic, ...) in order to generate meaningful outcomes for establishing evidence-based health policies. This Research Topic aims to elaborate on some of the potential hurdles which have to be overcome for the sake of sustainable healthcare provisions anywhere in the world, such as shortcomings in methodological approaches, regulatory frameworks, gaps between evidence, its hierarchy and final recommendations for public health management.
nutrition --- sustainable public health --- Health Outcomes --- Cost Effectiveness --- Health Technology Assessment --- Contextual research --- diet quality --- ecosystems health --- Non communicable diseases
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Human behavior and decision making is subject to social and motivational influences such as emotions, norms and self/other regarding preferences. The identification of the neural and psychological mechanisms underlying these factors is a central issue in psychology, behavioral economics and social neuroscience, with important clinical, social, and even political implications. However, despite a continuously growing interest from the scientific community, the processes underlying these factors, as well as their ontogenetic and phylogenetic development, have so far remained elusive. In this Research Topic we collect articles that provide challenging insights and stimulate a fruitful controversy on the question of “what determines social behavior”. Indeed, over the last decades, research has shown that introducing a social context to otherwise abstract tasks has diverse effects on social behavior. On the one hand, it may induce individuals to act irrationally, for instance to refuse money, but on the other hand it improves individuals’ reasoning, in that formerly difficult abstract problems can be easily solved. These lines of research led to distinct (although not necessarily mutually exclusive) models for socially-driven behavioral changes. For instance, a popular theoretical framework interprets human behavior as a result of a conflict between cognition and emotion, with the cognitive system promoting self-interested choices, and the emotional system (triggered by the social context) operating against them. Other theories favor social norms and deontic heuristics in biasing human reasoning and encouraging choices that are sometimes in conflict with one’s interest. Few studies attempted to disentangle between these (as well as other) models. As a consequence, although insightful results arise from specific domains/tasks, a comprehensive theoretical framework is still missing. Furthermore, studies employing neuroimaging techniques have begun to shed some light on the neural substrates involved in social behavior, implicating consistently (although not exclusively) portions of the limbic system, the insular and the prefrontal cortex. In this context, a challenge for present research lies not only in further mapping the brain structures implicated in social behavior, or in describing in detail the functional interaction between these structures, but in showing how the implicated networks relate to different theoretical models. This is Research Topic hosted by members of the Swiss National Center of Competence in Research “Affective Sciences – Emotions in Individual Behaviour and Social Processes”. We collected contributions from the international community which extended the current knowledge about the psychological and neural structures underlying social behavior and decision making. In particular, we encouraged submissions from investigators arising from different domains (psychology, behavioral economics, affective sciences, etc.) implementing different techniques (behavior, electrophysiology, neuroimaging, brain stimulations) on different populations (neurotypical adults, children, brain damaged or psychiatric patients, etc.). Animal studies are also included, as the data reported are of high comparative value. Finally, we also welcomed submissions of meta-analytical articles, mini-reviews and perspective papers which offer provocative and insightful interpretations of the recent literature in the field.
Decision Making --- Medial prefrontal cortex --- autism spectrum disorders(ASD) --- Social Behavior --- Contextual appraisal --- oxytocin receptor gene --- ultimatum game --- Emotions
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The emotions that we feel and also those that we perceive in others are crucial to the social functioning of both humans and non-human animals. Although the role of context has been extensively studied in basic sensory processing, its relevance for social cognition and emotional processing is little understood. In recent years, several lines of research at the behavioral and neural levels have highlighted the bidirectional interactions that take place between emotions and social context. Experienced emotions, even when incidental, bias decision-making. Remarkably, even basic emotions can be strongly influenced by situational contexts. In addition, both humans and non-human animals can use emotional expressions strategically as a means of influencing and managing the behavioral response of others in relation to specific environmental situations. Moreover, social emotions (e.g., engaged in moral judgment, empathic concern and social norms) seem to be context-dependent, which also questions a purely abstract account of emotion understanding and expression, as well as other social cognition domains. The present Research Topic of Frontiers in Human Neuroscience highlights the need for a situated approach to emotion and social cognition. We presented theoretical and empirical work at the behavioral and neural levels that contribute to our understanding of emotion within a highly contextualized social realm, and vice-versa. Relevant contributions are presented from diverse fields, including ethology, neurology, biology, cognitive and social neuroscience, and as well as psychology and neuropsychiatry. This integrated approach that entails the interaction between emotion and social context provide important new insights into the growing field of social neuroscience.
Social perception. --- Interpersonal relations. --- Neuropsychiatry --- Social Behavior --- social neuroscience --- Embodied Cognition --- Emotion Regulation --- contextual social cognition --- Social Decision Making --- Emotions
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Contrasting conditions with and without conscious experience has served consciousness research well. However, research based on this simple contrast has led to controversies about the neural basis of conscious experience. One key reason for these ongoing debates seems to be that the simple contrast between conditions with and without consciousness is not specific for unraveling the neural basis of conscious experience, but rather also leads to other processes that precede or follow it. Acknowledging this methodological problem implies that some of the previous research findings about the neural underpinnings of conscious experience are actually reflecting the prerequisites and consequences rather than the direct correlates of conscious perception. Thus, it is required to re-evaluate the previous results to find out which of them are telling us anything about the neural basis of consciousness. But first and foremost, to overcome this methodological problem we need new experimental paradigms that go beyond the simple contrastive analysis or find the ways how some older but well forgotten paradigms may foster a new look at this emerging problem. Accordingly, this research topic is looking for empirical and theoretical contributions that: 1) envision new and suitable experimental approaches to study consciousness that are free from the limitations of the simple contrastive analysis; 2) provide empirical data that help to separate the neural correlates of conscious experience from the prerequisites and consequences of it; 3) help to re-assess previous research findings about the neural correlates of conscious perception in the light of the methodological problems with the traditional contrastive analysis. We hope that the theoretical insights and experimental approaches collected within this Research Topic help us to gain a more refined understanding of the neural basis of conscious experience.
Consciousness --- Neurology --- Psychology. --- Social sciences. --- Physiological aspects. --- Research. --- EEG --- contextual effects --- neural correlates of consciousness --- Contents of consciousness --- TMS --- levels of consciousness --- Contrastive analysis --- oscillations --- multivariate analysis
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Most decisions in life are based on incomplete information and have uncertain consequences. To successfully cope with real-life situations, the nervous system has to estimate, represent and eventually resolve uncertainty at various levels. A common tradeoff in such decisions involves those between the magnitude of the expected rewards and the uncertainty of obtaining the rewards. For instance, a decision maker may choose to forgo the high expected rewards of investing in the stock market and settle instead for the lower expected reward and much less uncertainty of a savings account. Little is known about how different forms of uncertainty, such as risk or ambiguity, are processed and learned about and how they are integrated with expected rewards and individual preferences throughout the decision making process. With this Research Topic we aim to provide a deeper and more detailed understanding of the processes behind decision making under uncertainty.
Neurosciences. --- Biological psychiatry. --- Neuropsychiatry. --- Biopsychiatry --- Psychiatry --- Psychobiology --- Neural sciences --- Neurological sciences --- Neuroscience --- Medical sciences --- Nervous system --- Behavioral neurology --- Biological psychiatry --- Neurology --- Decision Making --- Contextual influences --- situational influences --- neuroeconomics --- risk --- decision neuroscience --- uncertainty --- individual differences
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The contextual analysis of find contexts from the excavations that were conducted in the area of the lower Embolos (Curetes Street) resulted in a new understanding of about one thousand years of use (3rd century BCE – 7th century CE). They relate to the design and the route of the street, the building history of the construction along its edge and its varied function. Die kontextuelle Auswertung der Fundkomplexe aus Grabungen, die im Bereich des unteren Embolos (Kuretenstraße) durchgeführt wurden, erbrachte Erkenntnisse zu rund tausend Jahren seiner Nutzung (3. Jh. v. Chr. – 7. Jh. n. Chr.). Sie betreffen die Gestaltung und die Trasse der Straße, die Baugeschichte ihrer Randbebauung und ihre wechselvolle Funktion.
Archaeological structures and finds, contextual evaluation, chronology, pottery studies, urban infrastructure --- ÖFOS 2012, Classical archaeology --- Archäologischer Befund und Funde, kontextuelle Fundauswertung, Chronologie, Keramikstudien, städische Infrastruktur --- ÖFOS 2012, Klassische Archäologie
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This book shows the literary legacy of Bolesław Leśmian, the great Polish writer, as engaged in a dialogue with the tradition, and forged on the crossroads of literatures, and epochs. Exploring American, French and Russian contexts (Poe’s writing, Baudelaire’s oeuvre, Balmont’s texts, the symbolist style, the bylinna tradition), highlighting the correspondences between Leśmian and the romantics (Pushkin, Gogol) as well as the modernists (Jesienin, Gorodetsky) and connecting his work to Ukrainian culture through the evocation of old Slavic folklore, the book showcases Leśmian’s work as an example of interliterary and inter-cultural transfer of aesthetics, styles, genres and motifs. A crucial outcome of this research is the codifying of a contextual analysis as a method of comparative studies.
International relations. --- Coexistence --- Foreign affairs --- Foreign policy --- Foreign relations --- Global governance --- Interdependence of nations --- International affairs --- Peaceful coexistence --- World order --- National security --- Sovereignty --- World politics --- Boleslaw --- Bolesław Leśmian --- Comparative --- Comparative research --- Comparative studies --- Contextual --- Contextual relations --- Internationally --- Leśmian --- Nalewajk --- Polish literature --- Relations --- Slavic literature --- Studies --- Study --- Turecka --- Leśmian, Bolesław --- Leśmian, Bolesław. --- Criticism and interpretation. --- 1900-1999 --- Leshmiʼan, Boleslav --- Leshmiyan, Boleslav --- Lesman, B. --- Lesman, Bolesław --- Leśmian, Bolesław, --- Leśmian, Bolesław Stanisław --- לשמיאן, בולסלב
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The book examines how occupations as contextual factors shape men's part-time transitions. It identifies occupational gender segregation and occupational working time arrangements as central influencing factors. Although part-time work is more common in female-dominated occupations, it is mainly occupational working time arrangements that structure men's part-time transitions. Moreover, part-time work leads to significant career disadvantages for men independently from the occupational contexts. In den jüngeren Generationen wünschen sich Männer zunehmend ein neues männliches Rollenmodell und mehr Zeit für nicht-erwerbsbezogenen Lebensbereiche. Auch wenn die Teilzeitarbeit von Männern im Laufe der letzten 30 Jahre angestiegen ist, so besteht nach wie vor eine erhebliche Lücke in der Nutzung von Teilzeitarbeit zwischen Männern und Frauen. Vor diesem Hintergrund beschäftigt sich dieses Buch gezielt mit der Frage, welche strukturellen Barrieren für die Teilzeitbeschäftigung von Männern auf der Ebene von Berufen bestehen. Ausgehend von der Lebensverlaufsperspektive werden die Übergänge von Vollzeit- in Teilzeitbeschäftigung, der Wechsel aus Teilzeit- in Vollzeittätigkeiten sowie die Nachteile durch Teilzeitarbeit beim Aufstieg in eine Leitungsposition untersucht. Als strukturelle Einflussfaktoren werden die berufliche Geschlechtersegregation und berufliche Arbeitszeitarrangements in den Blick genommen.
Gender studies: men --- Arbeitszeitnormen;Working time norms;gender roles;Geschlechterrollen;gender inequalities;Geschlechterungleichheiten;Berufe;occupational gender segregation;Berufliche Geschlechtersegregation;part-time rate;Teilzeitquote;work-life balance;career disadvantages;Vereinbarkeit von Beruf und Familie;contextual factors;Karrierenachteile;Kontextfaktoren;part-time transitions;Teilzeitübergänge;working time arrangement;Arbeitszeitarrangement;event data analysis;Ereignisdatenanalyse;Germany;Deutschland
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Conceived within a context of transdisciplinarity and pluriversalism, and in rigorous response to the Eurocentric, globalising and nationalising structures of power that undergird and inhabit contemporary praxis in higher education – especially in African higher education – this collection of essays brings to the on-going discourse on decolonisation fresh, rich, probing and multilayered perspectives that should accelerate the process of decolonisation, not only in higher education in Africa, but also in the global imaginary. A remarkable, courageous and potentially revolutionary achievement, this book deserves a special place on curricula throughout the world of higher education.
Moral & social purpose of education --- Higher & further education, tertiary education --- Colonialism --- Contextual solution --- Decolonisation --- Decolonising curriculum --- Decolonising language and pedagogy --- Decolonising methodology --- Decolonising teaching and learning --- Educational convergence --- Eurocentrism --- Global north --- Global south --- Globalisation --- Internationalisation --- Knowledge production --- One size fits all --- Responsive higher education --- Theorising
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