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The school of thought surrounding the urban ecosystem has increasingly become in vogue among researchers worldwide. Since half of the world’s population lives in cities, urban ecosystem services have become essential to human health and wellbeing. Rapid urban growth has forced sustainable urban developers to rethink important steps by updating and, to some degree, recreating the human–ecosystem service linkage. Assessing, as well as estimating the losses of ecosystem services can denote the essential effects of urbanization and increasingly indicate where cities fall short. This book contains 13 thoroughly refereed contributions published within the Special Issue “Urban Ecosystem Services”. The book addresses topics such as nature-based solutions, green space planning, green infrastructure, rain gardens, climate change, and more. The contributions highlight new findings for landscape architects, urban planners, and policymakers. Important future cities research is considered by looking at the system connectivity between the social and ecological sphere—via varying forms of urban planning, management, and governance. The book is supported by methods and models that utilize an urban sustainability and ecosystem service-centric focus by adding knowledge-base and real-world solutions into the urbanization phenomenon.

urban planning --- urban space --- urban regeneration --- planning process --- public participation --- forest fragmentation --- sustainable development goal (SDG) --- land consumption rate to the population growth rate (LCRPGR) --- biodiversity --- non-native species --- protected species --- range expansion --- species distributions --- ecosystem services --- assessment --- urban ecosystem services --- site --- green infrastructure --- cities --- systematic literature review --- urban greenspace --- privatization --- property rights --- incremental greenspace loss --- the tyranny of small decisions --- resilience planning --- urban densification --- baseline shifts --- urban nature connection --- green spaces --- ecosystem disservices --- economic benefits --- proximity principle --- hedonic pricing analysis --- climate change --- human health, human-nature connection theory --- urbanization --- urban resilience theory --- capacity building --- municipal planning practice --- urban governance --- environmental planning --- nature-based solutions --- urban adaptive capacity --- LiDAR/NDVI --- stakeholders --- Delphi analysis --- full-scale infiltration test --- MPD infiltration test --- boreholes --- SuDS --- NBS --- flood resilience --- online climate adaptation platforms --- citizen science --- community-building --- n/a

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Plants have served mankind as an important source of foods and medicines. While we all consume plants and their products for nutritional support, a majority of the world population also rely on botanical remedies to meet their health needs, either as their own “traditional medicine” or as “complementary and alternative medicine”. From a pharmaceutical point of view, many compounds obtained from plant sources have long been known to possess bio/pharmacological activities, and historically, plants have yielded many important drugs for human use, from morphine discovered in the early nineteenth century to the more recent paclitaxel and artemisinin. Today, we are witnessing a global resurgence in interest and use of plant-based therapies and botanical products, and natural products remain an important and viable source of lead compounds in many drug discovery programs.This Special Issue on “Plant Natural Products for Human Health” compiles a series of scientific reports to demonstrate the medicinal potentials of plant natural products. It covers a range of disease targets, such as diabetes, inflammation, cancer, neurological disease, cardiovascular disease, liver damage, bacterial, and fungus infection and malarial. These papers provide important insights into the current state of research on drug discovery and new techniques. It is hoped that this Special Issue will serve as a timely reference for researchers and scholars who are interested in the discovery of potentially useful molecules from plant sources for health-related applications.

PhGs --- bitter orange --- immunomodulator --- A549 cells --- bergapten --- triptolide --- BMP/Smad --- phytochemicals --- antioxidant enzymes --- kumquat --- MTT assay --- HepaRG cells --- human health --- nanoparticles --- dendritic cells --- drug discovery --- biofilm --- catechin --- antitubercular activity --- Panax notoginseng saponins --- animals --- mouse-hair growth --- A? --- curcumin --- WNT/?-catenin --- copaiba --- AD --- Plasmodium parasites --- traditional medicine --- procyanidin A2 --- PET inhibition --- rheumatoid arthritis --- cannabinoid type 1 receptor --- iridoids --- inflammatory bowel disease --- acute liver injury --- human-hair-follicle dermal papilla cells --- Neuroprotective --- dihydromyricetin --- AMPK --- thromboembolism --- ginseng --- drug design and development --- endoplasmic reticulum stress --- mitogen-activated protein kinase --- Nrf2 --- prenylated flavonoids --- inflammation --- preclinical studies --- plants --- dietary supplements --- Glycyrrhiza uralensis --- aspirin --- Tripterygium wilfordii --- P. eryngii --- reperfusion --- ethnopharmacology --- glucans --- innovation --- hpatoprotection --- hinokitiol --- phytocannabinoid --- antistaphylococcal activity --- Shh/Gli --- green tea --- sesquiterpenoids --- adjuvant-induced arthritis --- yuzu --- hepatotoxicity --- p53/Bax --- Keap1 --- nuclear factor-kappaB --- oxidative stress --- pharmacokinetic study --- cinnamamides --- toxicity --- APAP --- Astragali Radix --- computational softwares --- plant natural product --- onion --- anti-malaria activity --- lipogenesis --- bleeding time --- diterpenoids --- Penthorum chinense Pursh --- myocardial hypertrophy --- automation --- adjuvant --- grapefruit --- melanoma cell --- essential oil --- sweet orange --- Amadori rearrangement compounds --- heme oxygenase --- global health --- calorie restriction --- bergamot --- liposomes --- EGCG --- celastrol --- herb–drug interactions --- cannabigerol --- anti-inflammation --- OH· free radical --- molecular targets --- gluconeogenesis --- microbiome --- SIRT1 --- fucoidan --- heart --- PC12 cells --- acetaminophen --- omics --- time-kill assay --- arthritis --- lychee seed --- bioinformatics --- structure–activity relationship --- precision medicine --- orange petitgrain --- immune modulation --- antiproliferation --- flavonoids --- scoulerine --- oleoresin --- triterpenic acids --- Cannabis sativa --- NAFLD --- biological activity --- differentiation --- oxygen consumption rate --- mitochondrial bioenergetics --- neroli --- apoptosis --- targeted delivery --- platelet activation --- protein kinase --- heat-process --- hepatic steatosis --- hyperglycemia --- natural products --- lemon --- genistein --- neuroinflammation --- astragaloside IV --- cytoxicity --- flavonoid --- paracetamol --- medicinal plants --- insulin resistance --- resveratrol --- mandarin --- garlic --- TGF-? --- morin hydrate --- sirtuin 3 --- MMPs --- gomisin N --- lime --- Ziziphus jujuba --- antifungal activity --- ischemia --- migration --- caspases --- small molecules