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Brain-computer interfacing (BCI) with the use of advanced artificial intelligence identification is a rapidly growing new technology that allows a silently commanding brain to manipulate devices ranging from smartphones to advanced articulated robotic arms when physical control is not possible. BCI can be viewed as a collaboration between the brain and a device via the direct passage of electrical signals from neurons to an external system. The book provides a comprehensive summary of conventional and novel methods for processing brain signals. The chapters cover a range of topics including noninvasive and invasive signal acquisition, signal processing methods, deep learning approaches, and implementation of BCI in experimental problems.

Brain-computer interfaces.

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Mounting evidence in the last years has demonstrated that self-regulation of brain activity can successfully be achieved by neurofeedback (NF). These methodologies have constituted themselves as new tools for cognitive neuroscience establishing causal links between voluntary brain activations and cognition and behavior, and as potential novel approaches for clinical applications in severe neuropsychiatric disorders (e.g. schizophrenia, depression, Parkinson´s disease, etc.). Current developments of brain imaging-based neurofeedback include the study of the behavioral modifications and neural reorganization produced by learned regulation of the activity of circumscribed brain regions and neuronal network activations. In a rapidly developing field, many open questions and controversies have arisen, i.e. choosing the proper experimental design, the adequate use of control conditions and subjects, the mechanism of learning involved in brain self-regulation, and the still unexplored potential long-lasting effect on brain reorganization and clinical alleviation, among others. This special issue on self-regulation of the brain of emotion and attention using NF approaches interested authors to report technical and methodological advances, scientific investigations in understanding the relation between brain activity and behaviour using NF, and finally studies developing clinical treatment of emotional and attentional disorders. The editors of this special issue anticipate rapid developments in this emerging field.

Brain-Computer Interfaces --- emotion --- Attention --- real-time fMRI --- Neuromodulation --- Neurofeedback --- brain-machine interfaces

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The field of Brain–Computer Interfaces (BCIs) has grown rapidly in the last few decades, allowing the development of faster and more reliable assistive technologies based on direct links between the brain and an external device. Novel applications of BCIs have also been proposed, especially in the area of human augmentation, i.e., enabling people to go beyond human limitations in sensory, cognitive and motor tasks. Brain-imaging techniques, such as electroencephalography, have been used to extract neural correlates of various brain processes and transform them, via machine learning, into commands for external devices. Brain stimulation technology has allowed to trigger the activation of specific brain areas to enhance the cognitive processes associated to the task at hand, hence improving performance. BCIs have therefore extended their scope from assistive technologies for people with disabilities to neuro-tools for human enhancement. This Special Issue aims at showing the recent advances in BCIs for human augmentation, highlighting new results on both traditional and novel applications. These include, but are not limited to, control of external devices, communication, cognitive enhancement, decision making and entertainment.

n/a --- SIFT --- brain-computer interfaces --- P300 --- brain–computer interfaces --- complete locked-in state --- Brain–Computer Interface (BCI) --- electroencephalography (EEG) --- SHCC --- speller --- SSVEP --- human performance --- superintelligence --- MI --- communication --- electroencephalography --- 20-questions-game --- MP --- indoor room temperature --- office-work tasks --- augmented cognition --- heuristic search --- performance prediction --- p300 --- Graphical User Interface (GUI) --- hybrid --- Artificial Neural Network --- PE --- brain computer interface --- waveform --- Neuroergonomics. --- Brain-computer interfaces. --- Self-help devices for people with disabilities.. --- Assistive technology --- Self-help devices for the disabled --- People with disabilities --- BCIs (Brain-computer interfaces) --- Brain-machine interfaces --- Computer-brain interfaces --- Direct neural interfaces --- User interfaces (Computer systems) --- Cognitive neuroscience --- Human engineering --- Brain-Computer Interface (BCI)

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Should people hardwire computers into their brains, enabling their minds to directly access cyberspace? What advantages and risks would this represent? Would this create a new humanity? These questions have been considered and discussed in science fiction for decades, but technology is beginning to make such developments seem remarkably plausible. This book examines what is currently taking place in this fast-developing sector of society while looking at future prospects. In so doing it seeks to integrate technological and scientific developments, political debate as well as philosophical interrogation while involving ethicists, policy makers, journalists, and practitioners. It is the first extensive study on a topic that is certain to significantly impact the 21st century and beyond. It opens the first door to this important debate.

Brain-computer interfaces. --- Human-computer interaction. --- Cybernetics --- Moral and ethical aspects. --- BCIs (Brain-computer interfaces) --- Brain-machine interfaces --- Computer-brain interfaces --- Direct neural interfaces --- User interfaces (Computer systems) --- Mechanical brains --- Control theory --- Electronics --- System theory --- Computer-human interaction --- Human factors in computing systems --- Interaction, Human-computer --- Human engineering --- User-centered system design --- Philosophy --- Singularity --- Transhumanism --- Body modification --- Bioethics --- Public policy --- Moral philosophy --- Posthumanism

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What can we learn from spontaneously occurring brain and other physiological signals about an individual's cognitive and affective state and how can we make use of this information? One line of research that is actively involved with this question is Passive Brain-Computer-Interfaces (BCI). To date most BCIs are aimed at assisting patients for whom brain signals could form an alternative output channel as opposed to more common human output channels, like speech and moving the hands. However, brain signals (possibly in combination with other physiological signals) also form an output channel above and beyond the more usual ones: they can potentially provide continuous, online information about an individual's cognitive and affective state without the need of conscious or effortful communication. The provided information could be used in a number of ways. Examples include monitoring cognitive workload through EEG and skin conductance for adaptive automation or using ERPs in response to errors to correct for a behavioral response. While Passive BCIs make use of online (neuro)physiological responses and close the interaction cycle between a user and a computer system, (neuro)physiological responses can also be used in an offline fashion. Examples of this include detecting amygdala responses for neuromarketing, and measuring EEG and pupil dilation as indicators of mental effort for optimizing information systems. The described field of applied (neuro)physiology can strongly benefit from high quality scientific studies that control for confounding factors and use proper comparison conditions. Another area of relevance is ethics, ranging from dubious product claims, acceptance of the technology by the general public, privacy of users, to possible effects that these kinds of applications may have on society as a whole.

Neurophysiology. --- Neuropsychiatry. --- Brain-computer interfaces. --- Neurosciences. --- Neural sciences --- Neurological sciences --- Neuroscience --- Medical sciences --- Nervous system --- BCIs (Brain-computer interfaces) --- Brain-machine interfaces --- Computer-brain interfaces --- Direct neural interfaces --- User interfaces (Computer systems) --- Behavioral neurology --- Biological psychiatry --- Neurology --- Neurobiology --- Physiology --- Brain-computer interface --- cognitive state --- EEG --- affective state --- physiological computing --- mental state --- applied neuroscience --- Psychophysiology --- neuroergonomics --- Neurophysiology