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Introduction,Laurent Feller.CIRCULATION DES OBJETS ET STATUT DES CHOSES Exégèse textuelle, exégèse visuelle. Autour du processus de la chose, res, dans le haut Moyen Âge/Eliana Magnani et Daniel Russo.Du Tiraz de Cordoue aux montagnes du Nord. Le luxe en milieu rural dans l'Espagne chrétienne du haut Moyen Âge/Juan José Larrea. À propos des objets nécessaires. Dotations monastiques et circulation d'objets au royaume de León dans le haut Moyen Âge/Ana Rodríguez. Transformation des objets et valeur des choses. L'exemple de la Vita Meinwerici/Laurent Feller. Avec les vêtements des autres. Le marché du textil d'occasion dans la Valence médiévale/Juan Vicente García Marsilla - - ÉVALUATIONS MONÉTAIRES, CONVERSION DES CHOSES ET PRIX.Circulation de biens et richesses entre al-Andalus et l'Occident européen aux VIIIe-Xe siècles/Eduardo Manzano. Monnaie et échanges dans le royaume asturo-léonais, IXe-XIe siècles/Amancio Isla. La richesse de l'Angleterre médiévale dans ses rapports à la masse monétaire/Nicholas Mayhew -- PILLAGES, RAZZIAS, VOLS ET RECELS : FORMES DE L'ÉCHANGE NON COMMERCIAL.Quelques réflexions sur la circulation contrainte des objets au haut Moyen Âge. Entre contrainte institutionnelle ritualisée et pillage/Alexis Wilkin. Pillage et pouvoirs aux marges orientales de la Germanie ottonienne (919-1024)/Rodolphe Keller. La circulation des objets en temps de guerre. Les années de la reine Urraca (León et Castille, vers 1110-1130)/Pascual Martínez Sopena . Pillage seigneurial et plaintes paysannes en Catalogne (XIIe-XIVe siècles)/Lluís To Figueras. Vol, recel et gages. L'économie du vol et la circulation des objets au Moyen Âge/ Valérie Toureille.

Commerce --- History

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This book provides the latest viewpoints of scientific research in the field of e-business. It is organized into three sections: "Higher Education and Digital Economy Development", "Artificial Intelligence in E-Business", and "Business Intelligence Applications". Chapters focus on China's higher education in e-commerce, digital economy development, natural language processing applications in business, Information Technology Governance, Risk and Compliance (IT GRC), business intelligence, and more.

Electronic commerce.

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Electronic commerce.

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The war in Ukraine has highlighted Europe's urgency to diversify its energy supplies and reduce dependence on Russia. While, in such context, energy security has become a top political priority for Europe, energy resources from the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region have drawn European countries' renewed attention. Boasting abundant oil and gas reserves, the MENA region will likely play aleading role in Europe's current energy crisis. While MENA exporters' ability to increase their supply is limited in the short-term, more resources are likely to be available in a longer-term perspective.As Europeans are scrambling for alternatives, this Report analyses the different implications for a number of MENA exporters of fossil fuels. As these countries have become even more central to Europe's energy security, assessing their prospects is of paramount importance, including not only their short-term role as suppliers of fossil fuels, but also their opportunity to accelerate along the path of the greentransition.How is the current energy crisis affecting the role of MENA hydrocarbons producers as Europe's energy suppliers? How will Europe's needs in additional resources redefine energy geopolitics in the Middle East and North Africa? Which new prospects for their green transition?

Geopolitics. --- Middle East --- European Union countries --- Africa, North --- European Union countries --- Commerce --- Commerce --- Commerce --- Commerce

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The focus of this volume is on the European context of public budget policy and a variety of different approaches are used - theoretical modelling, econometrics and applied general equilibrium modelling. Empirical evidence and case studies of European countries are contained in all the papers. The papers cover the four general themes of public budget policy: * economic stabilization, in view of the Economic and Monetary Union in the European Community * reinforcing structural change, involved in market liberalization and harmonization of economic structures * its distributional effects and implications for social equity * endogenous economic growth.

Program budgeting. --- Commerce.