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The chlamydiae are Gram-negative, obligate intracellular bacteria with a complex developmental cycle comprising a metabolically less-active, infectious stage, the elementary body (EB), and a metabolically more active stage, the reticulate body (RB). They are responsible for many acute and chronic diseases in humans and animals. In order to play a causative role in chronic diseases, chlamydiae would need to persist and to re-activate within infected cells/tissues for extended periods of time. Persistence in vitro is defined as viable but non-cultivable chlamydiae involving morphologically enlarged, aberrant, and nondividing RBs, termed aberrant bodies (AB). In vitro, alterations of the normal developmental cycle of chlamydiae can be induced by the addition of Interferon-? (IFN-?), tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a) and penicillin G exposure as well as amino acid or iron deprivation, monocyte infection and co-infection with viruses. In vivo, key questions include whether or not ABs occur in infected patients and animals and whether such ABs can contribute to prolonged, chronic inflammation, fibrosis, and scarring through continuing stimulation of the host immune system known from diseases such as trachoma, pelvic inflammatory disease, reactive arthritis and atherosclerosis. To date, the direct causal role in the pathogenesis of chlamydial infection and persistence in vivo has been questioned since there was no tractable animal model of chlamydial persistence so far. A very recent study was able to establish an experimental animal model of in vivo persistence, when C. muridarum vaginally-infected mice were gavaged with amoxicillin. Amoxicillin treatment induced C. muridarum to enter the persistent state in vivo. Recent in vivo data from patients indicate that viable but non-infectious developmental stages are present in the genital tract of chronically-infected women and that the gastrointestinal tract might be a reservoir for persistent chlamydial infections at other sites.

Chlamydia infections. --- stress response --- chlamydia --- Chronic Disease

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There is increased world-wide concern about the impact of multiple chronic conditions, especially among the rapidly aging population. Simultaneously, over the past decade there has been an emergence of state-wide and national initiatives to reduce the burden of chronic conditions that draw upon the translation of evidence-based programs (EPB) into community practice. Yet, little has been written about the national and international implementation, dissemination, and sustainability of such programs. This Research Topic features articles about EBPs for older adults, including a range of articles that focus on the infrastructure needed to widely disseminate EBP as well as individual participant impacts on physical, mental, and social aspects of health and well-being. Using a pragmatic research perspective, this Research Topic will advance knowledge that aims to enhance practice, inform policy and build systems of support and delivery in regard to the reach, effectiveness, adoption, implementation, and maintenance of evidence-based interventions for older adults. The focus is on knowledge transfer rather than knowledge generation but with a dual emphasis on the dissemination and sustainability of EBP that have been tested and shown effective as well as the adaptation of practice-based interventions into evidence-based programs. This Research Topic draws upon grand-scale efforts to deliver these programs, and include both U.S. as well as international examples. Commentaries discuss processes in the development and measurement of EBP and reflect perspectives from program developers and major national and regional funders of EBP as well as professionals and practitioners in the field. The full-length articles focus on four major programmatic areas: (1) chronic disease self-management programs; (2) fall prevention programs; (3) general wellness and physical activity programs; and (4) mental health programs. Additionally, articles are included to discuss cross-cutting issues related to building partnerships and the research infrastructure for the implementation, evaluation, and dissemination of evidence-based programming. The intent of this Research Topic is to enhance practice, inform policy, and build systems of support and delivery for EBP. It is written for a diverse audience and contains practical implications and recommendations for introducing, delivering, and sustaining EBP in a multitude of settings.

Gerontology --- Social Welfare & Social Work --- Social Sciences --- evidence based programming --- Fall prevention --- CDSMP --- older adults --- chronic disease self management CDSME programs --- healthy aging

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Energy metabolism at whole-body, cellular, and even organelle, i.e., mitochondrial, levels requires adequate regulation in order to maintain or improve (metabolic) health. In eukaryotic cells, mitochondria are key players in energy (ATP) production via oxidative phosphorylation. Both macro- and micronutrients potentially influence energy metabolism and mitochondrial functioning, either as substrates for (oxidative) catabolism or as essential constituents of enzymes or protein complexes involved in (mitochondrial) energy metabolism. This book contains a valuable collection of empirical preclinical and human studies to assist in the development of understanding and progress this area of research on improving health and, more specifically, metabolic health.

insulin --- lipogenesis --- obesity --- glucose homeostasis --- adipocytes --- cortisol --- ketones --- s-IgA --- exercise --- low carbohydrate diet --- NAFLD --- omega-3 --- krill oil --- phospholipids --- high-fat diet --- C57BL/6N mice --- thermoneutral temperature --- iron deficiency --- striated skeletal muscle --- physical capacity --- fatigue --- mitochondrial metabolism --- complex I --- resting metabolic rate --- prediction equation --- ageing adults --- overweight --- adiposity-based chronic disease --- energy balance --- metabolism --- n/a

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This Special Issue focuses on the current state of pharmacogenomics (PGx) and the extensive translational process, including the identification of functionally important PGx variation; the characterization of PGx haplotypes and metabolizer statuses, their clinical interpretation, clinical decision support, and the incorporation of PGx into clinical care.

pharmacogenomics --- return of results --- genetic counseling --- qualitative --- pharmacogenetics --- implementation --- pharmacogenetics service --- screening --- pre-emptive --- personalized medicine --- precision medicine --- community pharmacy --- pharmacogenomic testing --- genetic privacy --- pharmaco-economics --- polymorphisms --- pharmacogenes --- pharmacogenomic --- machine learning --- adaptation --- human evolution --- US Food and Drug Administration --- clinical actionability --- clinical translation --- chronic kidney disease --- CYP3A5 --- polymorphism --- progression --- pharmacogenomics (PGx) --- pediatrics --- best practice alerts (BPAs) --- electronic health records (EHR) --- genomic indicators --- clinical decision support (CDS) --- phenotype --- genotype --- polypharmacy --- chronic disease --- medication management --- electronic medical record --- artificial intelligence --- n/a

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Quatrième de couverture : "Chronic noncommunicable diseases make up a large part of the burden of disease and make a huge call on health systems’ resources. Clinical guidelines are one of the ways European countries have tried to respond and to ensure a long-term perspective in managing them and addressing their determinants. This book explores those guidelines and whether they actually affect processes of care and patients’ health outcomes. It analyses: the regulatory basis, the actors involved and processes used in developing clinical guidelines across Europe; innovative methods for cost-effective prevention of common risk factors, developing coordinated patient-centred care and stimulating integrated research; the strategies used to disseminate and implement clinical guidelines in various contexts; and the effectiveness of their utilization. This study reviews for the first time the various national practices relating to clinical guidelines in 29 European countries (the European Union (EU), Norway and Switzerland). It shows that, while some have made impressive progress, many are still relying on sporadic and unclear processes. The level of sophistication, quality and transparency of guideline development varies substantially across the region, even when the system for producing guidelines is well established. There are nevertheless clear examples that – if shared – can assure and improve quality of care across Europe. This study was commissioned by the European Commission’s Directorate-General for Health and Consumers. It also benefited from links with the ECAB/EUCBCC FP7- research project on EU Cross Border Care Collaboration (2010–2013)."

Adult onset diabetes --- Brittle diabetes --- DID (Maladie) --- DNID (Maladie) --- Diabetes --- Diabetes Mellitus [Type 1 ] --- Diabetes [Insuline-resistente ] --- Diabetes mellitus --- Diabète consomptif --- Diabète de la maturité --- Diabète de type 1 --- Diabète de type 2 --- Diabète gras --- Diabète insulino-dépendant --- Diabète insulinodépendant --- Diabète insulinoprive --- Diabète juvénile --- Diabète maigre --- Diabète non insulino-dépendant --- Diabète non insulinoprive --- Diabète non-insulinodépendant --- Diabète sucré de type 1 --- Diabète sucré de type 2 --- Diabète sucré insulinodépendant --- Diabète sucré non-insulinodépendant --- Diabète type 1 --- Diabète type 2 --- Diabète type I --- Diabète type II --- Diabètes --- Diabètes insulinodépendants --- Diabètes non-insulinodépendants --- IDDM (Disease) --- Insulin-dependent diabetes --- Insuline-resistente diabetes --- Ketosis prone diabetes --- Ketosis resistant diabetes --- Maturity onset diabetes --- NIDDM (Diabetes) --- Non-insulin-dependent diabetes --- Noninsulin-dependent diabetes --- Stable diabetes --- Suikerziekte --- Type 1 diabetes --- Type 2 diabetes --- Type II diabetes --- Chronic Disease --- Health Services --- Health Planning Guidelines --- Chronic diseases --- prevention and control --- Prevention --- Quality of Health Care. --- Quality of Healthcare --- Health Care Quality --- Healthcare Quality --- Europe. --- Northern Europe --- Southern Europe --- Western Europe --- E-books --- BPB1404 --- Hygiène publique --- Maladie chronique --- Openbare gezondheidszorg --- Chronische ziekte --- Quality of Care --- Care Qualities --- Care Quality --- Pharmacy Audit --- Audit, Pharmacy --- Pharmacy Audits --- Union européenne --- Quality of Health Care --- chronische ziekte --- kronična bolest --- lėtinė liga --- kronisk sjukdom --- enfermedad crónica --- doença crónica --- χρόνια νόσος --- хронична болест --- malattia cronica --- boli cronice --- hroniska slimība --- marda kronaka --- kronisk sygdom --- chronická choroba --- kronična bolezen --- chronické onemocnění --- sëmundje kronike --- chronische Krankheit --- chronic illness --- krooniline haigus --- choroba przewlekła --- krooninen sairaus --- krónikus betegség --- vleklé onemocnění --- chroniška liga --- χρόνια πάθηση --- chronic disease --- chronická nemoc --- langdurige ziekte --- kronično oboljenje --- dlouhodobá nemoc --- долгорочна болест --- χρόνια ασθένεια --- idült betegség --- χρόνιο νόσημα --- хронично заболување --- iġjene pubblika --- közegészségügy --- openbare gezondheidszorg --- allmän hälsovård --- јавна хигиена --- higiena publiczna --- higjienë publike --- igiene pubblica --- üldhügieen --- higiene pública --- јавна хигијена --- igienă publică --- yleinen hygienia --- sabiedrības higiēna --- δημόσια υγιεινή --- veřejná hygiena --- javna higijena --- öffentliche Gesundheitspflege --- verejná hygiena --- public hygiene --- visuomenės higiena --- offentlig hygiejne --- обществена хигиена --- javno zdravstveno varstvo --- hygienická služba --- hygienická stanice --- комунална хигиена --- tinneas ainsealach --- sláinteachas poiblí --- Chronic Disease - prevention and control - Europe --- Health Services - Europe --- Health Planning Guidelines - Europe --- Chronic diseases - Europe - Prevention --- Hygiène publique