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This eBook is a collection of articles from a Frontiers Research Topic. Frontiers Research Topics are very popular trademarks of the Frontiers Journals Series: they are collections of at least ten articles, all centered on a particular subject. With their unique mix of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Frontiers Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author by contacting the Frontiers Editorial Office: frontiersin.org/about/contact

Clinical application --- Cardiovascular physiome models --- Neurovascular and cerebrospinal fluid multi-scale models --- Organ based model --- Homeostasis and Hormonal system model

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In this special issue of Diagnostics, expert contributors have produced up-to-date research studies and reviews on various topics related to the diagnosis of dementia and cognitive impairment. The methods of the assessments discussed extend from simple neurological signs, which may be elicited in the clinical encounter, through cognitive screening instruments, to sophisticated analyses of neuroimaging and cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers of disease. It is hoped that these various methods may facilitate earlier diagnosis of dementia and its subtypes, and provide differential diagnosis of depression and functional cognitive disorders, as a prelude to meaningful interventions.

screening --- MoCA --- neurodegeneration --- accuracy --- frontotemporal dementia --- cognitive assessment --- Free-Cog --- molecular imaging --- Alzheimer’s --- standardised mini-mental state examination --- decision tree --- differential diagnosis depression vs. MCI/dementia --- computerized cognitive assessment --- quantification --- Alzheimer’s disease --- functional cognitive disorder --- diagnosis --- Triple Test --- diagnostic imaging --- neurocognitive disorder --- feasibility --- TYM-MCI --- amyloid --- cerebrospinal fluid --- dementia --- precision medicine --- Mini-Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination --- memory --- depression in old age --- quick mild cognitive impairment screen --- cognition --- nuclear medicine --- TYM --- Rapid Cognitive Screen --- 18F-FDG --- functional neurological disorder cognition --- stroke --- sensitivity and specificity --- Codex --- mortality --- mild cognitive impairment --- cognitive screening instruments --- cognitive impairment --- aging --- SKT (Syndrom-Kurztest) --- PET --- executive function --- Cognition disorders --- Dementia --- Diagnosis. --- SKT (Syndrome-Kurztest)

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This timely collection of expert papers draws attention to the global burden of meningitis and the challenges faced by the WHO’s roadmap to defeat meningitis by 2030. The three main goals of the meningitis roadmap are to eliminate epidemics of bacterial meningitis, reduce cases and deaths from vaccine-preventable bacterial meningitis, and reduce disability and improve quality of life after meningitis of any cause. This book includes a wide range of original research and reviews on epidemiology and vaccination of bacterial meningitis that have direct relevance to advancing the goals of the roadmap.

meningitis --- child mortality --- neonatal sepsis --- global health --- global health estimates --- modelling --- Streptococcus pneumoniae --- Haemophilus influenzae --- Neisseria meningitidis --- bacterial meningitis --- S. pneumoniae --- N. meningitidis --- H. influenzae --- S. agalactiae --- conjugate vaccines --- post-vaccine surveillance --- vaccine --- Africa --- mathematical modelling --- susceptibility --- invasive bacterial infections --- complement --- genetic factors --- Streptococcus agalactiae --- group B streptococci --- capsule --- meningococcal group --- nongroupable --- meningococcal carriage --- invasive meningococcal disease --- meningococcal urethritis --- neonatal infections --- epidemiology --- antibiotic resistance --- etiologic diagnosis --- enterovirus --- group B Streptococcus --- neurological sequelae --- hearing loss --- seizure --- epilepsy --- hydrocephalus --- focal neurological deficit --- corticosteroid --- dexamethasone --- invasive pneumococcal disease --- pneumococcal conjugate vaccines --- serotypes --- vaccine impact --- pneumococcal meningitis --- serotype distribution --- PCV impact --- global --- meta-analysis --- surveillance --- meningococcus --- pneumococcus --- Hib --- group B streptococcus --- conjugate vaccine --- rapid diagnostic test --- national reference laboratory --- cerebrospinal fluid --- Niger --- Burkina Faso --- tuberculosis --- tuberculous meningitis --- TBM --- children --- impact of Hib conjugate vaccine --- Hia --- NTHi --- burden --- social and economic costs --- WHO meningitis roadmap --- disability --- n/a

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Microbial virulence factors encompass a wide range of molecules produced by pathogenic microorganisms, enhancing their ability to evade their host defenses and cause disease. This broad definition comprises secreted products such as toxins, enzymes, exopolysaccharides, as well as cell surface structures such as capsules, lipopolysaccharides, glyco- and lipoproteins. Intracellular changes in metabolic regulatory networks, governed by protein sensors/regulators and non-coding regulatory RNAs, are also known to contribute to virulence. Furthermore, some secreted microbial products have the ability to enter the host cell and manipulate their machinery, contributing to the success of the infection. The knowledge, at the molecular level, of the biology of microbial pathogens and their virulence factors is central in the development of novel therapeutic molecules and strategies to combat microbial infections. The present collection comprises state of the art research and review papers on virulence factors and mechanisms of a wide range of bacterial and fungal pathogens for humans, animals, and plants, thus reflecting the impact of microorganisms in health and economic human activities, and the importance of the topic.

Aeromonas hydrophila --- LysR-family --- ΔlahS --- global regulator --- virulence --- Sclerotinia sclerotiorum --- SsNsd1 --- compound appressorium --- two-dimensional electrophoresis --- proteomics analysis --- differential expression proteins --- cystic fibrosis --- Pseudomonas aeruginosa --- Burkholderia cepacia complex --- small noncoding regulatory RNAs --- pathogenicity --- usg --- truA --- Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium --- oxidative stress --- intracellular survival --- pathogenomics --- coagulase-negative staphylococci --- virulence factors --- whole genome sequencing --- autotransporter --- covalent labeling --- bacterial surface protein --- SpyCatcher --- topology mapping --- virulence factor --- Candida --- host-pathogen interaction --- biofilm formation --- morphology --- immune evasion --- Trueperella pyogenes --- pyolysin --- infection --- immune response --- Actinomycetales --- Bordetella pertussis --- Hfq --- omics analysis --- T3SS --- serum resistance --- solute-binding proteins --- phytoplasma --- effector protein --- apple --- apple proliferation --- bacteria --- blood–brain barrier --- blood–cerebrospinal fluid barrier --- meningitis --- outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) --- Candida albicans --- antimicrobial peptides --- complement --- interspecies interactions --- inter-kingdom protection --- fungicidal activity --- fluconazole --- hyphae --- antimicrobial peptide --- EDTA --- primary ciliary dyskinesia --- anti-virulence --- sputum --- chronic infection --- Enterobacterales --- Klebsiella --- Enterobacter --- Citrobacter --- antibiotic resistance --- biofilm --- SPATEs --- UTIs --- cytotoxicity --- serine proteases --- 5637 bladder cells --- mucin --- gelatin --- actin --- protease Lon --- Dickeya solani --- plant pathogen --- motility --- type III secretion system --- resistance to stress --- lon expression --- pectinolytic enzymes --- gene expression --- manipulation --- inflammation --- persistence --- replicative niche --- actin proteolysis --- metalloproteinases --- protease ECP 32 --- grimelysin --- protealysin --- bacterial invasion --- microbial virulence factors --- bacterial pathogens --- fungal pathogens

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This book represents one of the most up-to-date collections of articles on clinical practice and research in the field of Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD). The scholars who contributed to this book are experts in their field, carrying out cutting edge research in prestigious institutes worldwide (e.g., Harvard Medical School, University of California, MIND Institute, King’s College, Karolinska Institute, and many others). The book addressed many topics, including (1) The COVID-19 pandemic; (2) Epidemiology and prevalence; (3) Screening and early behavioral markers; (4) Diagnostic and phenotypic profile; (5) Treatment and intervention; (6) Etiopathogenesis (biomarkers, biology, and genetic, epigenetic, and risk factors); (7) Comorbidity; (8) Adulthood; and (9) Broader Autism Phenotype (BAP). This book testifies to the complexity of performing research in the field of ASD. The published contributions underline areas of progress and ongoing challenges in which more certain data is expected in the coming years. It would be desirable that experts, clinicians, researchers, and trainees could have the opportunity to read this updated text describing the challenging heterogeneity of Autism Spectrum Disorder.

autism spectrum disorder --- infants --- frontal EEG alpha asymmetry --- early detection --- autism spectrum disorders --- toddlers --- eye tracking --- joint attention --- longitudinal --- regression --- cytokines --- PAI-1 --- neuroinflammation --- gastrointestinal --- autism --- literature review --- comorbidity --- early intervention --- early intensive behavioral intervention --- behavioral intervention --- First Year Inventory --- early screening --- risk --- cross-cultural generalisability --- validity --- preschool teachers --- self-efficacy --- knowledge --- belief --- skills --- identify --- autism spectrum disorder (ASD) --- level 1 and level 2 screening tools --- systematic review --- COSMIN --- PRISMA --- screening --- infection --- prion --- meta-analysis --- motion analysis --- video signal processing --- neurodevelopmental disorders --- infant screening --- n/a --- developmental language disorder --- semantic features --- word learning --- central coherence --- biomarker --- p-cresol --- mouse social behavior --- dopamine --- ASD --- vision --- proprioception --- self-motion --- immersive virtual reality --- IVR --- HMD --- technology --- persuasive text writing --- perspective-taking --- adolescence --- intervention --- sign language --- imitation --- cognition --- language acquisition --- prevalence estimate --- predictors --- surveillance review --- Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) --- early intensive intervention --- developmental trajectories --- moderators and mediators of intervention. --- psychosis --- schizophrenia --- psychopathology --- AQ --- accuracy --- attention to detail --- self-awareness --- insight --- preconception risk factor --- Gilles de la Tourette --- obsession --- compulsion --- social behavior --- social impairment --- sensory profile --- sensory responsiveness --- feeding problems --- short sensory profile (SSP) --- sensory experience questionnaire (SEQ) --- coronavirus --- 2019-nCoV --- neurodevelopment --- child and adolescent psychiatry --- mental health prevention --- Asperger syndrome --- adults --- cerebrospinal fluid --- antibodies --- blood–brain barrier --- GAD65 --- Early Start Denver Model --- high-risk infants --- motor development --- high-functioning autism --- language --- experience --- communication --- autonomic nervous system --- wearable technologies --- EEG --- theory of mind --- adults and adolescents --- human figure drawings --- Draw-a-Man --- drawings maturity --- social perception --- ERP --- reward response --- RewP --- sensitization --- social skills intervention --- PEERS® --- adulthood --- diagnosis --- autistic traits --- action observation --- action prediction --- context --- priors --- hypothalamus --- amygdala --- oxytocin --- social cognition --- social interaction --- affiliative behavior --- neuroimaging --- COVID-19 --- challenging behavior --- dental care --- oral health --- medical procedures --- ICT --- wearable sensors --- migration --- Europe --- health system --- autism in adulthood --- intellectual disability --- regressive autism --- epilepsy --- challenging behaviors --- empathy --- executive functions --- attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder --- disruptive behavior disorders --- alexithymia --- anxiety --- depression --- TAS-20 --- TSIA --- parents --- broader autism phenotype --- autistic-like features --- social-cognitive development --- stereotypical behaviors --- visual impairment --- language profiles --- grammatical comprehension --- cannabinoids --- cannabidiol --- cannabidivarin --- THC --- problem behaviors --- sleep --- hyperactivity --- side effects --- motor performance skills --- Gulf --- BOT-2 --- machine learning --- employment --- telehealth --- ABA --- RCT --- cortisol --- group activity --- stress --- art --- assessment --- sensorimotor integration --- postural balance --- false positive report probability (FPRP) --- Bayesian false-discovery probability (BFDP) --- Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS) --- microbiome --- metabolomics --- study design --- biomarker discovery --- precise medicine --- bipolar disorder --- suicidal ideation --- suicidal attempts --- blood-brain barrier