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The book gives an overview on the progress that has been made in the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), of acute and chronic myeloid leukemia (AML, CML) and of juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia (JMML). Leukemia is the most common malignant disease in children, and 80% of patients are diagnosed with ALL and 15–20% with AML, whereas CML and JMML are rather rare. Although ALL was considered an incurable disease until the early 1960s, with the availability of cytotoxic drugs and the start of clinical multicenter studies, ALL has become an almost curable disease with a survival rate exceeding 90 % in high-income countries. These impressive results have mainly been achieved by a deeper understanding of the genomic landscape of the disease and the introduction of risk stratifications based on genetic features and response to chemotherapy as determined by the presence or absence of minimal residual disease (MRD). Immunotherapies including bispecific T-cell Engagers (BiTEs), Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T cells, monoclonal antibodies and improvements in the outcome of allogeneic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) have shown impressive results in chemorefractory or relapsed patients, and it is anticipated that the cure rate can be further increased. For countries with less resources, therapies have to be adapted to increase survival as well. This book also updates on the progress made in the treatment of AML. As in ALL, risk classification based on genetic factors and response to chemotherapy is most important for therapy guidance. The book also provides updates and guidance for the treatment of CML and JMML.

acute lymphoblastic leukemia --- pediatric --- advances --- diagnosis --- treatment --- immunotherapy --- bispecific T-cell engager (BiTE) --- BCP-ALL --- leukemia --- TRAIL --- antibody --- Fc-engineering --- xenograft --- CD19 --- juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia --- RAS signaling --- hematopoietic stem cell transplantation --- 5-azacitidine --- myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative disorders --- targeted therapy --- ADC --- antibody–drug conjugate --- pediatric leukemia --- ALL --- AML --- allogeneic stem cell transplantation --- acute myeloid leukemia --- minimal residual disease --- conditioning regimen --- alternative donors --- B-ALL --- DUX4 --- IKZF1 --- PAX5 --- Ph-like --- ZNF384 --- NUTM1 --- T-ALL --- NOTCH1 --- BCL11B --- transcriptome --- genome --- chronic myeloid leukemia --- CML --- tyrosine kinase inhibitor --- immunizations --- COVID-19 --- childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia --- low-risk ALL --- risk-stratified treatment --- treatment related toxicity --- L-asparaginase --- acute pancreatitis --- polymorphism --- SNV --- ABCC4 --- CFTR --- other extramedullary relapse --- lymphoblastic leukemia --- children --- prognosis --- evolution of CAR T cells --- FDA-approved CAR products --- TcR versus CAR --- limitations and complications of CAR T cell therapy --- future directions of CAR T cell therapy --- n/a --- antibody-drug conjugate

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[Increasing evidence suggests that microbiota and especially the gut microbiota (the microbes inhabiting the gut including bacteria, archaea, viruses, and fungi) plays a key role in human physiology and pathology. Recent findings indicate how dysbiosis—an imbalance in the composition and organization of microbial populations—could severely impact the development of different medical conditions (from metabolic to mood disorders), providing new insights into the comprehension of diverse diseases, such as IBD, obesity, asthma, autism, stroke, diabetes, and cancer. Given that microbial cells in the gut outnumber host cells, microbiota influences human physiology both functionally and structurally. Microbial metabolites bridge various—even distant—areas of the organism by way of the immune and hormone system. For instance, it is now clear that the mutual interaction between the gastrointestinal tract and the brain (gut–brain axis), often involves gut microbiota, indicating that the crosstalk between the organism and its microbial residents represents a fundamental aspect of both the establishment and maintenance of healthy conditions. Moreover, it is crucial to recognize that beyond the intestinal tract, microbiota populates other host organs and tissues (e.g., skin and oral mucosa). We have edited this eBook with the aim of publishing manuscripts focusing on the impact of microbiota in the development of different diseases and their associated treatments.]

gastrointestinal diseases --- sterile inflammation --- n/a --- Staphylococcus spp. --- etiopathogenesis --- colitis --- Escherichia coli --- bacteriophages --- atopic dermatitis --- intravenous immunoglobulin G --- adaptive immunity --- 16S rRNA gene --- vaginal microbiota --- modularity --- innate immunity --- gut-liver axis --- disease activity --- immune system --- cytokines --- commensals --- Staphylococcus aureus --- dysbiosis --- fecal transplantation --- TLR mimicry --- etanercept --- dextran sulfate sodium --- CAR T-cell --- 3-dihydroxy-4-methoxyBenzaldehyde --- chemo free treatment --- Staphylococcus epidermis --- rheumatoid arthritis --- microbiome --- co-occurrence network --- immune epigenetics --- 2 --- autoimmunity --- superoxide dismutase --- precision medicine --- metabolism --- adoptive cell transfer (ACT) --- gut barrier --- antibiotics --- checkpoint inhibitors --- probiotics --- microbiota --- Candida albicans --- Enterococcus faecalis --- chronic liver diseases --- TCR --- anaerobic bacteria --- HSV2 --- bacteriocins --- methotrexate --- microbial interactions --- T cells --- virus --- mice --- lymphoid malignancies --- HPV --- macrophages --- anti-TNF-? --- inflammation --- chondroitin sulfate disaccharide --- immunotherapy --- genomics --- immuno-oncology --- diet --- aerobic bacteria --- immunological niche --- melanin --- health --- chemokines --- gut microbiota --- cutaneous immunity --- HIV --- TIL --- cancer --- global network

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The book is based on the Cancers journal Special Issue entitled “Immunotherapy, Tumor Microenvironment and Survival Signaling", and focuses on important problems concerning tumors and tumor microenvironment interactions, as well as novel immunotherapies such as CAR-T cell therapy. Immunotherapies have recently shown remarkable results in the treatment of cancer patients. However, there are still many questions that remain to be solved in regards to more effective therapies, such as the tumor heterogeneous profile, tumor microenvironment, and tumor survival epigenetic and genetic pathways, all of which make patients resistant to the presently available treatments for cancer. This book demonstrates different approaches to overcome the challenges faced by immunotherapies due to suppressive tumor microenvironments. This book includes 18 papers that can be divided into three chapters: 1. novel immunotherapies; 2. targeting tumor microenvironment and novel approaches; 3. targeting tumors and tumor microenvironment in different types of cancer.

Autophagy --- colorectal cancer --- immunotherapy --- tumor stroma --- tumor microenvironment --- immune checkpoint inhibitors --- chemotherapy --- tyrosine kinase inhibitors --- angiogenesis --- check point inhibitors --- programmed cell death protein 1 --- programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 --- cardiotoxicity --- lung metastasis --- CAR-T --- hypoxia --- tumor --- microenvironment --- CD19 --- BCMA --- cancer --- melanoma --- immune escape --- antigen loss --- chimeric antigen receptor --- electroporation --- lentivirus --- lentiviral transduction --- macrophages --- leukemia cells --- lytic peptides --- targeted therapy --- dendritic cells --- pathogenesis --- risk factors --- breast cancer --- resistance --- checkpoint --- targeted treatment --- personalized medicine --- pediatric solid tumors --- chimeric antigen receptors --- cancer vaccines --- oncolytic viral therapy --- immunomodulation --- DCLK1 --- tumor stem cells --- clonogenicity --- mitochondria --- mitochondrial transfer --- tunneling nanotubes --- triple-negative breast cancer --- immune checkpoint inhibitor --- combination therapy --- cancer nanomedicine --- tumor antigens --- cancer metabolism --- cancer immunotherapy --- nanoparticles --- immunotherapeutic agent --- immunomodulators --- tuft cells --- cancer stem cells --- immunotherapies --- myeloid-derived suppressor cells --- regulatory T cells --- crosstalk --- tumor immune evasion --- cell–cell contact --- β2 integrins --- CD18 --- CD11 --- CAR-T cells --- CD37 --- cell therapy --- tumor antigen --- lymphoma --- CAR macrophage --- CAR T cell --- solid tumors --- immunometabolism --- miRNA --- immunogenic cell death --- n/a --- cell-cell contact