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Calorimetry, as a technique for thermal analysis, has a wide range of applications which are not only limited to studying the thermal characterisation (e.g. melting temperature, denaturation temperature and enthalpy change) of small and large drug molecules, but are also extended to characterisation of fuel, metals and oils. Differential Scanning Calorimetry is used to study the thermal behaviours of drug molecules and excipients by measuring the differential heat flow needed to maintain the temperature difference between the sample and reference cells equal to zero upon heating at a controlled programmed rate. Microcalorimetry is used to study the thermal transition and folding of biological macromolecules in dilute solutions. Microcalorimetry is applied in formulation and stabilisation of therapeutic proteins. This book presents research from all over the world on the applications of calorimetry on both solid and liquid states of materials.

Calorimetry. --- Calorimeters and calorimetry --- Temperature measurements --- Analytical chemistry

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This eBook is a collection of articles from a Frontiers Research Topic. Frontiers Research Topics are very popular trademarks of the Frontiers Journals Series: they are collections of at least ten articles, all centered on a particular subject. With their unique mix of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Frontiers Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author by contacting the Frontiers Editorial Office: frontiersin.org/about/contact

energy --- thermodynamics --- calorimetry --- energy-limited environments --- soil --- sediment

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It is now clearly established that some proteins or protein regions are devoid of any stable secondary and/or tertiary structure under physiological conditions, but still possess fundamental biological functions. These intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) or regions (IDRs) have peculiar features due to their plasticity such as the capacity to bind their biological targets with high specificity and low affinity, and the possibility of interaction with numerous partners. A correlation between intrinsic disorder and various human diseases such as cancer, diabetes, amyloidoses and neurodegenerative diseases is now evident, highlighting the great importance of the topic. In this volume, we have collected recent high-quality research about IDPs and human diseases. We have selected nine papers which deal with a wide range of topics, from neurodegenerative disease to cancer, from IDR-mediated interactions to bioinformatics tools, all related to IDP peculiar features. Recent advances in the IDPs/IDRs issue are here presented, contributing to the progress of knowledge of the intrinsic disorder field in human disease.

alpha-synuclein --- NMR --- secondary structure propensity --- pre-structured motifs (PreSMos) --- intrinsically disordered protein --- ubiquitin-proteasome system --- intrinsically disordered proteins --- protein misfolding --- molecular recognition features --- cancer --- neurodegenerative diseases --- protein degradation --- EPR spectroscopy --- isothermal titration calorimetry --- protein-ligand interaction --- site-directed spin labeling --- protein structural dynamics --- WASp interacting protein --- protein–protein interactions --- actin --- cytoskeleton remodeling --- SH3 domain --- proline-rich motif --- single nucleotide variants --- interface core and rim --- human disease --- intrinsically disordered regions --- linear motifs --- gene duplications --- de novo --- evolutionary origin --- circular dichroism --- flexibility --- fluorescence --- importin --- isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) --- molecular docking --- nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) --- nuclear protein 1 (NPR1) --- peptide --- Methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 (MeCP2) --- Rett syndrome --- intrinsically disordered protein (IDP) --- protein stability --- protein-DNA interaction --- proteostasis --- ubiquitin independent degradation --- NADH-26S proteasome --- n/a --- protein-protein interactions

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Gastrointestinal cancers, such as esophageal and gastric cancers, pancreatic cancers, hepatobiliary cancers, colorectal cancers and gastrointestinal stromal tumors, are frequently diagnosed at an advanced stage and have a dismal prognosis. Even in patients with potentially curative cancer, nearly 50\% will develop recurrent disease despite aggressive treatments. A number of biomarkers currently guide treatment decisions for patients with gastrointestinal neoplasms. Major technological advances in genomics have made it possible to identify critical genetic alterations in cancer, furthering oncology along the path to “personalized cancer medicine”. Future research efforts will focus on the identification of new biomarkers, moving existing biomarkers into earlier lines of therapy and evaluating new combinations of existing biomarkers and therapies.The aim of this Special Issue is to provide an overview of exciting new research in the area of gastrointestinal tumors that may establish innovative personalized management and precision medicine modalities for individualized care.

neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio --- lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio --- prognosis --- rectal cancer --- mesorectum --- sphincter preserving --- molecular oncology --- precision medicine --- colorectal cancer --- targeted therapy --- molecular profiling --- pancreatic cysts --- thermal liquid biopsy --- differential scanning calorimetry --- diagnosis --- generalized linear models --- gene signature --- mRNA expression --- VANGL1 --- FFPE --- neurotoxicity --- oxaliplatin --- chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy --- biomarker --- genomics --- neuropathy --- FOLFOX --- FOLFIRINOX --- XELOX --- gastrointestinal cancer --- LAG-3 --- immune checkpoint --- colon cancer --- survival --- microsatellite instability --- immunotherapy --- n/a

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In recent years, the industry has started to use parts printed by powder-based laser additive manufacturing (LAM) when precision and good mechanical properties are required. Applications can be found in the aerospace, automotive, and medical sectors. However, the powder materials available are often inadequate for contemporary processing tasks, and often generate process instabilities as well as porosities and defects in the resulting parts. This Special Issue, “New Frontiers in Materials Design for Laser Additive Manufacturing”, focuses on advances in material design and the development of laser additive manufacturing. Of particular interest are original papers dealing with metal and polymer powders for laser powder bed fusion or directed energy deposition. In this Special Issue, we are especially interested in answering the following questions: How can laser process parameters and material properties be adapted to the LAM process via the matrix modification (e.g., alloying, doping, compounding) of powders? How can powder properties like flowability, wetting, porosity, or (heterogeneous) nucleation be adapted to the LAM process via the surface modification of powders? How may calorimetry, high-speed videography, pyrometry, and online spectroscopy, as well as modeling, contribute to understanding dynamics of melting and recrystallization, in addition to the lateral distribution of the thermal process window?

Technology: general issues --- Chemical engineering --- powder bed fusion --- magnesium --- process development --- additive manufacturing --- PBF-LB/M --- tool steel (1.2709) --- nanocomposite --- microstructure --- mechanical properties --- laser powder bed fusion --- selective laser melting --- oxide dispersion strengthened steel --- phase-field model --- finite element simulation --- nanoparticle interaction --- pure copper --- short wavelength laser system --- green laser --- eddy-current method --- electrical conductivity --- polyamide 12 --- nanocomposites --- nanoparticles --- dispersion --- LB-PBF --- additively manufactured parts --- aluminum alloys --- intermetallics --- thermal exposure --- n/a --- aluminium alloys --- hot cracking --- rapid solidification --- differential fast scanning calorimetry --- undercooling --- grain size --- crack density