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This Special Issue of the journal Children constitutes an opportune moment to reflect on the psychosocial needs of children living with rare diseases and of their families. As medical advances, treatments, and developments have enabled many of these children to survive infancy and to live into adulthood, progress brings with it concerns and opportunities to enhance the psychosocial quality of life of children living with rare diseases, and of their families. This Special Issue reflects the current state of psychosocial research, which is primarily qualitative in nature. There are no scientifically rigorous randomized clinical trials to create an evidence base of effective psychosocial interventions for the provision of care to children with rare diseases and to their families; nevertheless, the papers within this Special Issue provide a reflection on the state of the science, including ideas about future research and practice. In this next section we share observations about the contributions made by each of the 13 articles, which cover a diverse range of topics.

Psychology --- cancer --- childhood cancer --- adaptation --- psychological --- neoplasm --- oncology --- sibling --- social support --- social adjustment --- palliative care --- end-of-life care --- equity --- public health approach --- compassionate communities --- caregiving --- parents --- psychosocial support --- rare disease --- advance care planning --- decision-making --- family caregiver --- psychosocial care --- communication --- pediatric --- adolescents and young adults --- healthcare needs --- chronic illness --- AYA transition --- Beckwith–Wiedemann syndrome --- emotional-behavioral problems --- psychosocial difficulties --- psychomotor development --- preschool-age children --- pediatric chronic illness --- rare diseases --- family caregivers --- gender differences --- genetic or rare diseases --- health outcomes --- illness perception --- parenting stress --- siblings --- bereavement --- emotions --- psychosocial distress --- pediatrics --- complex chronic conditions --- pediatric to adult transition --- special needs --- interventions --- care coordination --- transition readiness --- family burden --- parental need --- urea cycle disorders --- E-IMD --- inherited metabolic diseases --- medullary thyroid carcinoma --- psychosocial --- young adults --- life-limiting conditions --- adolescents --- age-appropriate --- development --- cognitive functions --- children --- families --- medical complexity --- policy --- advocacy --- n/a --- Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome

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Disruptive behavior disorders (DBD) refer to a group of conditions that typically share difficulties in modulating aggressive conducts, self-control, and impulses, with resulting behaviors that constitute a threat to others’ safety and to social norms. Problematic issues with self-control associated with these disorders are commonly first observed in childhood, but may often persist into adolescence and adulthood, or pose a developmental risk for subsequent negative outcomes. The clinical management of DBD in childhood and adolescence has seen great advances in recent years, and research has also focused on identifying early signs, predictors, and risk factors, which may help clinicians to disentangle and subtype the heterogeneous manifestations of BDB. This has allowed significant progress to be made in defining specific developmental trajectories, targeted prevention programs, and timely treatment strategies. The principal aims of this Special Issue were thus to address three core features of DBD clinical management, the multidimensional assessment of callous–unemotional traits, empathic faults and emotional dysregulation, and the available treatment options. In this Special Issue, twelve relevant contributions, including ten original articles, one systematic review, and one study protocol, which provide novel insights for the assessment and treatment of DBD in clinical practice, have been collected by the editors.

bullying --- moral disengagement --- violence --- disruptive behavior --- peer aggression --- social rules --- socialization --- externalizing symptoms --- antisocial personality problems --- emerging adulthood --- family functioning --- impulsivity --- empathy --- suicidality --- non-suicidal self-injuries --- bipolar disorder --- psychopathic traits --- childhood --- fearlessness --- parental warmth --- conscience development --- big five personality traits model --- childrearing --- mother rejection --- structural equation modeling --- values --- substance use --- aggression --- cognitive-behavioral --- group intervention --- callous–unemotional traits --- conduct problems --- cyberbullying --- gender --- mindfulness --- reactive aggression --- Coping Power --- self-regulation --- prevention --- Mindful Coping Power --- disruptive behavior disorders --- parenting style --- sibling relationship --- emotional and behavioral problems --- forgiveness --- responsibility --- guilt --- obsessive-compulsive problems --- adolescence --- theory of mind --- emotion recognition --- ADHD --- conduct disorder --- oppositional defiant disorder --- medications for aggression --- callous-unemotional traits --- D2 receptor modulators --- ADHD medications --- neuropsychological functioning --- autonomic functioning --- control design --- acute placebo-controlled single-blind challenge clinical trial --- n/a