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Our everyday life is characterized by a multitude of emotionally relevant cues that we perceive and communicate via various sensory channels. This does not only encompass the obvious cases of auditory and visual modalities, but also olfactory, gustatory, and even tactile stimuli. Any kind of emotional situation in a natural setting is usually a multimodal experience: A friend welcomes us with warm words, a smile, and a happy voice; the sight of our favourite food is accompanied by a seductive smell and a delicious taste; the thrill of watching an exciting movie scene is intensified by a gripping soundtrack. In these situations, the signals from various senses do not stand on their own; they interact and create a unified emotional experience. Recent neuroscientific research has begun to accommodate this inherent multimodality of emotions in natural situations by studying the interaction of affectively relevant information from more than one sensory channel. Fascinating new aspects emerge concerning the neurobiology of emotion processing, and there is evidence that integrating emotional cues from various sources invokes brain processes that go beyond the well-known patterns observed during unimodal stimulation. The scope of this Research Topic is to gather novel and interesting studies dealing with the multimodality of emotions and their neural processing. We want to address researchers which are applying novel paradigms such as multimodal virtual reality settings, social interactions, and the combination of the auditory and visual domains with other sensory modalities such as smell, taste, or touch. Referring to this, we explicitly encourage articles describing new experimental approaches and analysis strategies. Our aim is to gain a comprehensive picture of how the brain combines emotionally relevant information from different sensory modalities. In particular, there is an urgent need for the integration of findings from electrophysiological and functional neuroimaging investigations as well as new insights from functional connectivity studies. We are convinced that this volume will be of high interest for a large community of brain researchers dealing with emotion research, social interaction, and complex multimodal integration processes.

Psychology --- Social Sciences --- emotion --- Valence --- chemosensation --- Attention --- Arousal --- multisensory integration --- Schizophrenia --- Fear extinction --- audiovisual --- Crossmodal Prediction

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Perceptual categorization is fundamental to the brain’s remarkable ability to process large amounts of sensory information and efficiently recognize objects including speech. Perceptual categorization is the neural bridge between lower-level sensory and higher-level language processing. A long line of research on the physical properties of the speech signal as determined by the anatomy and physiology of the speech production apparatus has led to descriptions of the acoustic information that is used in speech recognition (e.g., stop consonants place and manner of articulation, voice onset time, aspiration). Recent research has also considered what visual cues are relevant to visual speech recognition (i.e., the visual counter-parts used in lipreading or audiovisual speech perception). Much of the theoretical work on speech perception was done in the twentieth century without the benefit of neuroimaging technologies and models of neural representation. Recent progress in understanding the functional organization of sensory and association cortices based on advances in neuroimaging presents the possibility of achieving a comprehensive and far reaching account of perception in the service of language. At the level of cell assemblies, research in animals and humans suggests that neurons in the temporal cortex are important for encoding biological categories. On the cellular level, different classes of neurons (interneurons and pyramidal neurons) have been suggested to play differential roles in the neural computations underlying auditory and visual categorization. The moment is ripe for a research topic focused on neural mechanisms mediating the emergence of speech representations (including auditory, visual and even somatosensory based forms). Important progress can be achieved by juxtaposing within the same research topic the knowledge that currently exists, the identified lacunae, and the theories that can support future investigations. This research topic provides a snapshot and platform for discussion of current understanding of neural mechanisms underlying the formation of perceptual categories and their relationship to language from a multidisciplinary and multisensory perspective. It includes contributions (reviews, original research, methodological developments) pertaining to the neural substrates, dynamics, and mechanisms underlying perceptual categorization and their interaction with neural processes governing speech perception.

Audiovisual processing --- Neuroimaging --- category learning --- auditory processing --- Phonemic perception --- Speech Perception --- Categorization --- Neural mechanism

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Audiovisual translation --- Audio-visual translation. --- Audio-visual education. --- Translating and interpreting --- Technological innovations. --- Study and teaching.

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La question de la diversité culturelle est abordée sous l’angle de la mesure de la diversité du marché du film en salles et du film en vidéogrammes au cours des années 2000, sur la base d’un échantillon inédit de 5 600 films diffusés en salles et de 6 500 films enregistrés en vidéogrammes. La méthode retenue consiste, pour les deux marchés, à mesurer la diversité à partir des critères de variété, d’équilibre et de disparité. Des éléments d’appréciation de l’offre (films), de la distribution (copies) et de la demande (nombre de billets ou de vidéogrammes vendus) sont proposés pour six pays d’Europe : France, Danemark, Espagne, Pologne, Royaume-Uni, Suède. Le marché du film en vidéo se limite à la mesure du cas français. La méthode testée tend à montrer que la France est le pays où le marché du film en salles est le plus diversifié, mais que le marché du film en vidéo est beaucoup moins diversifié. Elle confirme les différences de diversité selon les circuits de commercialisation et, plus inédit, le niveau élevé de diversité du marché du film en vidéo sur l’internet. The issue of cultural diversity is examined from the point of view of the diversity of the market for films shown in cinemas and films released as video recordings in the 2000s, based on a new sample of 5,600 films shown in cinemas, and 6,500 video film recordings. For both markets, the method used consisted of measuring diversity based on the criteria of variety, balance and range. The issues of increased supply (films), distribution (copies) and demand (number of tickets or video recordings sold) are covered for 6 European countries, namely: France, Denmark, Spain, Poland, the UK and Sweden. The video film market is covered for France only. The method used tends to indicate that France has the most diverse cinema film market, whilst its video film market is considerably less diverse. It confirms differences in diversity according to marketing channels whilst new research shows a higher level of…

Economics --- Film Radio Television --- audiovisuel --- commerce --- cinéma --- analyse comparative --- diversité culturelle --- audiovisual --- cinema --- comparative analysis --- cultural diversity --- market

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Speech is multisensory since it is perceived through several senses. Audition is the most important one as speech is mostly heard. The role of vision has long been acknowledged since many articulatory gestures can be seen on the talker's face. Sometimes speech can even be felt by touching the face. The best-known multisensory illusion is the McGurk effect, where incongruent visual articulation changes the auditory percept. The interest in the McGurk effect arises from a major general question in multisensory research: How is information from different senses combined? Despite decades of research, a conclusive explanation for the illusion remains elusive. This is a good demonstration of the challenges in the study of multisensory integration. Speech is special in many ways. It is the main means of human communication, and a manifestation of a unique language system. It is a signal with which all humans have a lot of experience. We are exposed to it from birth, and learn it through development in face-to-face contact with others. It is a signal that we can both perceive and produce. The role of the motor system in speech perception has been debated for a long time. Despite very active current research, it is still unclear to which extent, and in which role, the motor system is involved in speech perception. Recent evidence shows that brain areas involved in speech production are activated during listening to speech and watching a talker's articulatory gestures. Speaking involves coordination of articulatory movements and monitoring their auditory and somatosensory consequences. How do auditory, visual, somatosensory, and motor brain areas interact during speech perception? How do these sensorimotor interactions contribute to speech perception? It is surprising that despite a vast amount of research, the secrets of speech perception have not yet been solved. The multisensory and sensorimotor approaches provide new opportunities in solving them. Contributions to the research topic are encouraged for a wide spectrum of research on speech perception in multisensory and sensorimotor contexts, including novel experimental findings ranging from psychophysics to brain imaging, theories and models, reviews and opinions.

Philology & Linguistics --- Languages & Literatures --- Learning --- somatosensory --- Cognitive Disorders --- sensorimotor --- neural processing --- Perception --- Speech --- audiovisual --- multisensory --- McGurk effect