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The average person can name more bird species than they think, but do we really know what a bird “species” is? This open access book takes up several fascinating aspects of bird life to elucidate this basic concept in biology. From genetic and physiological basics to the phenomena of bird song and bird migration, it analyzes various interactions of birds – with their environment and other birds. Lastly, it shows imminent threats to birds in the Anthropocene, the era of global human impact. Although it seemed to be easy to define bird species, the advent of modern methods has challenged species definition and led to a multidisciplinary approach to classifying birds. One outstanding new toolbox comes with the more and more reasonably priced acquisition of whole-genome sequences that allow causative analyses of how bird species diversify. Speciation has reached a final stage when daughter species are reproductively isolated, but this stage is not easily detectable from the phenotype we observe. Culturally transmitted traits such as bird song seem to speed up speciation processes, while another behavioral trait, migration, helps birds to find food resources, and also coincides with higher chances of reaching new, inhabitable areas. In general, distribution is a major key to understanding speciation in birds. Examples of ecological speciation can be found in birds, and the constant interaction of birds with their biotic environment also contributes to evolutionary changes. In the Anthropocene, birds are confronted with rapid changes that are highly threatening for some species. Climate change forces birds to move their ranges, but may also disrupt well-established interactions between climate, vegetation, and food sources. This book brings together various disciplines involved in observing bird species come into existence, modify, and vanish. It is a rich resource for bird enthusiasts who want to understand various processes at the cutting edge of current research in more detail. At the same time it offers students the opportunity to see primarily unconnected, but booming big-data approaches such as genomics and biogeography meet in a topic of broad interest. Lastly, the book enables conservationists to better understand the uncertainties surrounding “species” as entities of protection.

Zoology. --- Animal ecology. --- Evolution (Biology). --- Animal Ecology. --- Evolutionary Biology. --- Animal evolution --- Animals --- Biological evolution --- Darwinism --- Evolutionary biology --- Evolutionary science --- Origin of species --- Biology --- Evolution --- Biological fitness --- Homoplasy --- Natural selection --- Phylogeny --- Zoology --- Ecology --- Natural history --- Evolutionary biology. --- Life sciences --- Animal ecology

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This manuscript discusses the potentials of the approaches as mentioned below to monitor the AIVs in WMW. Molecular diagnostic platforms enable for accurate detection of the AIVs in the feces of infected birds. Similar technologies can be used to determine the bird species through DNA barcoding, enabling non-invasive research on the epidemiology of the disease. Wild migratory waterfowl (WMW) play significant role in the transmission of avian influenza viruses (AIVs) on large distances. Understanding bird migrations may therefore significantly contribute towards understanding of the disease epidemiology, however most conventional approaches to trace WMW migrations are based on capturing, tagging (mostly ringing or GPS devices) and their re-capturing to link the departure and arrival places. Stable isotope ratios in metabolically inert tissues (feathers, beaks, claws) reflect the ratios present at the point of intake (drinking or feeding), thus enabling for tracing bird origins at stopover places. Molecular diagnostic platforms such as the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) enable for accurate detection of the AIVs in the feces of infected birds. Similar technologies (genetic sequencing) can be used to determine the bird species through DNA barcoding. Simple and easy collection of feather and fecal samples at the stopover places may generate a full information package on which species of WMW carries the AIVs (PCR+DNA barcoding on the feces), as well as the origin of these species (SI+DNA barcoding on the feathers). Therefore, such approaches enable for research on the epidemiology and the ecology of the AIVs in WMW using a non-invasive platform, which does not require capturing of WMW. This manuscript discusses the potentials of these approaches to monitor the AIVs in WMW.

Life sciences. --- Animal ecology. --- Community ecology, Biotic. --- Environmental monitoring. --- Life Sciences. --- Animal Ecology. --- Community & Population Ecology. --- Monitoring/Environmental Analysis. --- Biomonitoring (Ecology) --- Ecological monitoring --- Environmental quality --- Monitoring, Environmental --- Biocenoses --- Biocoenoses --- Biogeoecology --- Biological communities --- Biomes --- Biotic community ecology --- Communities, Biotic --- Community ecology, Biotic --- Ecological communities --- Ecosystems --- Natural communities --- Animals --- Zoology --- Biosciences --- Sciences, Life --- Measurement --- Monitoring --- Ecology --- Applied ecology --- Environmental engineering --- Pollution --- Population biology --- Science --- Ecology. --- Balance of nature --- Biology --- Bionomics --- Ecological processes --- Ecological science --- Ecological sciences --- Environment --- Environmental biology --- Oecology --- Environmental sciences --- Animal Ecology --- Monitoring/Environmental Analysis

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This book focuses on central themes related to the conservation of bats. It details their response to land-use change and management practices, intensified urbanization and roost disturbance and loss. Increasing interactions between humans and bats as a result of hunting, disease relationships, occupation of human dwellings, and conflict over fruit crops are explored in depth. Finally, contributors highlight the roles that taxonomy, conservation networks and conservation psychology have to play in conserving this imperilled but vital taxon. With over 1300 species, bats are the second largest order of mammals, yet as the Anthropocene dawns, bat populations around the world are in decline. Greater understanding of the anthropogenic drivers of this decline and exploration of possible mitigation measures are urgently needed if we are to retain global bat diversity in the coming decades. This book brings together teams of international experts to provide a global review of current understanding and recommend directions for future research and mitigation. .

Ecology --- Earth & Environmental Sciences --- Life sciences. --- Climate change. --- Animal ecology. --- Conservation biology. --- Ecology. --- Vertebrates. --- Life Sciences. --- Conservation Biology/Ecology. --- Animal Ecology. --- Climate Change/Climate Change Impacts. --- Vertebrata --- Chordata --- Balance of nature --- Biology --- Bionomics --- Ecological processes --- Ecological science --- Ecological sciences --- Environment --- Environmental biology --- Oecology --- Environmental sciences --- Population biology --- Nature conservation --- Animals --- Zoology --- Changes, Climatic --- Climate change --- Climate changes --- Climate variations --- Climatic change --- Climatic changes --- Climatic fluctuations --- Climatic variations --- Global climate changes --- Global climatic changes --- Climatology --- Climate change mitigation --- Teleconnections (Climatology) --- Biosciences --- Sciences, Life --- Science --- Environmental aspects --- Climatic changes. --- Bats. --- Bats --- Conservation. --- Cheiroptera --- Chiroptera --- Chiropterans --- Mammals --- Changes in climate --- Climate change science --- Ecology . --- Global environmental change --- Bats - Conservation. --- Bats - Effect of human beings on. --- Bats - Habitat - Conservation. --- Conservation Biology/Ecology --- Vertebrates --- Animal Ecology --- Climate Change/Climate Change Impacts --- Conservation biology --- Animal ecology

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This Open Access volume explains how major nuclear and radiological emergencies (NREs) can have implications at local, national and international level. The response to NREs requires a competent decision-making structure, clear communication and effective information exchange. National veterinary services have the responsibility to plan, design and manage animal production system in their countries. These activities cover animal health, animal movement control, production control and improvement, and control of the products of animal origin before their placement on the market. Release of radionuclides after NREs can cause substantial contamination in the animal production systems. Critical responsibility of veterinary authorities is therefore to prevent such contamination, establish early response mechanisms to mitigate the consequences and prevent placement of contaminated products of animal origin on the market for human consumption. This work summarizes the critical technical points for effective management of NREs for national veterinary services.

Veterinary medicine --- Public health & preventive medicine --- Accident & emergency medicine --- Animal ecology --- Biochemistry --- Veterinary Medicine/Veterinary Science --- Public Health --- Emergency Services --- Animal Ecology --- Nutrition --- Veterinary Science --- Ecology --- Nuclear and Radiological Emergencies --- Radiological Contamination --- Animal Production Systems --- Disaster Management --- Open Access --- Zoology & animal sciences --- Contaminació radioactiva --- Producció animal --- Veterinària preventiva --- Higiene veterinària pública --- Medicina preventiva veterinària --- Prevenció de les malalties en els animals --- Salut pública veterinària --- Veterinària de salut pública --- Medicina preventiva --- Salut pública --- Veterinària --- Higiene veterinària --- Cria d'animals --- Explotació animal --- Producció d'animals --- Zoologia econòmica --- Animals de companyia --- Animals de laboratori --- Avicultura --- Apicultura --- Aqüicultura --- Bestiar --- Cuniculicultura --- Helicicultura --- Indústria ramadera --- Inseminació artificial --- Piscicultura --- Ramaderia --- Sericicultura --- Animals domèstics --- Millorament selectiu d'animals --- Zootècnia --- Contaminació --- Eliminació de residus radioactius

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Following the Fukushima nuclear accident, a large volume of monitoring data has been collected about the soil, air, dust, and seawater, along with data about an immense number of foods supplied to the market. Little is known, however, about the effect of radioactive fallout on agriculture, information about which is vital. Although more than 80% of the damaged area is related to agriculture, in situ information specifically for agriculture is scarce. This book provides data about the actual movement and accumulation of radioactivity in the ecological system—for example, whether debris deposited on mountains can be a cause of secondary contamination, under what conditions plants accumulate radioactive cesium in their edible parts, and how radioactivity is transferred from hay to milk. Because agriculture is so closely related to nature, many specialists with different areas of expertise must be involved in answering these questions. In the case of rice, researchers in rice cultivation as well as in soil, hydrology, and radioactivity measurement are working together to reveal the paths or accumulation of radioactivity in the field. For this purpose, the Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences of The University of Tokyo has diverse facilities available throughout Japan, including farmlands, forests, and meadowlands. Many academic staff members have formed groups to conduct on-site research, with more than 40 volunteers participating. This book presents the data collected from the only project being systematically carried out across Japan after the Fukushima accident.

Hydrobiology --- General ecology and biosociology --- Animal ethology and ecology. Sociobiology --- Environmental protection. Environmental technology --- Hunting. Fishery. Aquaculture --- Agriculture. Animal husbandry. Hunting. Fishery --- Food science and technology --- systematische plantkunde --- dierenecologie --- milieukunde --- landbouw --- milieu --- water --- voedingsleer --- wetenschappen --- milieutechnologie --- Japan --- Dentistry. --- Surgery. --- Microbiology. --- Medical parasitology. --- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. --- Medical Microbiology. --- Regenerative Medicine/Tissue Engineering. --- Parasitology. --- Dental surgery --- Odontology --- Surgery, Dental --- Medicine --- Oral medicine --- Teeth --- Microbial biology --- Biology --- Microorganisms --- Surgery, Primitive --- Human beings --- Human parasitology --- Medical sciences --- Parasitology --- Parasitic diseases --- Parasites --- Agriculture. --- Food science. --- Plant Ecology. --- Animal ecology. --- Marine Sciences. --- Monitoring/Environmental Analysis. --- Food Science. --- Animal Ecology. --- Marine & Freshwater Sciences. --- Animals --- Zoology --- Ecology --- Botany --- Floristic ecology --- Phytoecology --- Plants --- Vegetation ecology --- Science --- Ocean sciences --- Aquatic sciences --- Farming --- Husbandry --- Industrial arts --- Life sciences --- Food supply --- Land use, Rural --- Food technology --- Chemical engineering --- Fukushima Nuclear Disaster (Japan : --- Japan. --- Fukushima. --- Fukuschima --- al-Yābān --- Giappone --- Government of Japan --- Iapōnia --- I͡Aponii͡ --- Japam --- Japani --- Japão --- Japon --- Japonia --- Japonsko --- Japonya --- Jih-pen --- Mư̄ang Yīpun --- Nihon --- Nihonkoku --- Nippon --- Nippon-koku --- Nipponkoku --- Prathēt Yīpun --- Riben --- State of Japan --- Yābān --- Yapan --- Yīpun --- Zhāpān --- Food Science --- Agriculture --- Animal Ecology --- Environmental Monitoring/Analysis --- Marine & Freshwater Sciences --- Plant Ecology --- Fukushima-shi --- Fukushima City --- Fukushima --- 福島市 --- Präfektur Fukushima --- Natural language processing (Computer science). --- Artificial intelligence. --- Data mining. --- Application software. --- Natural Language Processing (NLP). --- Artificial Intelligence. --- Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery. --- Information Systems Applications (incl. Internet).