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This book illustrates a few exemplary scientific topics addressed through the use of two complementary x-ray scattering techniques: inelastic x-ray scattering and x-ray powder diffraction. These scattering methods are the focus of the two main sections of this book. These sections are subdivided into chapters discussing specific applications. The general aim of this volume is providing a concise overview of the opportunities disclosed by these two experimental methods, providing some guidance for scientists picking up this field and, hopefully, inspiring more mature scientists towards the achievement of new advances in this area.
X-ray crystallography. --- X-rays --- Diffraction.
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X-ray free electron lasers (XFELs) deliver intense, coherent, femtosecond laser pulses in the X-ray range. The XFELs are opening two new research fields. One is to study ultrafast electronic and structural dynamics in various forms of matter. XFELs can make atoms and electrons in action visible. Another field is to study the non-linear interaction of the unprecedented intense X-ray pulse with matter. XFELs transform matter into its new form in extreme conditions that have never been reached. The present special issue provides an overview of the current status and future direction of the development of XFELs and the research fields opened by XFELs. Featured are reports on the status and plans of all FEL facilities in the world, i.e., FLASH in Germany, LCLS in USA, SACLA in Japan, FERMI in Italy, European XFEL, SwissFEL, PAL-XFEL in Korea, and Shanghai SXFEL in China. Reports are also included on instrumentations and on science at these facilities, as well as on the relevant theory.
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Imaging methods such as X-ray microscopy are used in non-destructive material analysis to achieve resolutions in the sub micrometer range. Imaging optics are required, for which X-ray lenses are particularly suitable for photon energies above 10 keV. To ensure the universal use of these lenses with constant optical properties over a wide photon energy range, for the first time an X-ray zoom lens was developed in this work.
Röntgenmikroskopie --- X-ray lens --- zoom lens --- X-ray microscopy --- transfocator --- Zoomlinse --- Transfokator --- X-ray optic --- Röntgenoptik --- Röntgenlinse
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The cardiac function relies on an intricate molecular and cellular three-dimensional (3d) architecture of a complex, dense and co-dependent cellular network. Structural alterations of the cardiac structure can affect its essential function and lead to severe dysfunction of the organ. Cardiovascular diseases are the main cause of death worldwide with a rising incidence.However, it is not possible to give a generalized answer how the heart is formed. Up to now, cardiac structure as well as physiologic and disease-related tissue alterations of the tissue are mainly investigated by established 2d imaging methods such as optical microscopy or electron microscopy.This work presents a multiscale and multimodal X-ray imaging approach, which allows to probe the heart structure from the scale of entire intact murine hearts to the molecular organisation of the sarcomer structure.While the molecular structure of the actomyosin complex is probed by scanning X-ray diffraction,the 3d arrangement of the cellular network is investigated by propagation-based X-ray phase-contrast tomography. In this context, the concept of 3d virtual histology of cardiac tissue by X-ray phase-contrast tomography using laboratory sources as well as highly coherent synchrotron radiation is being further developed.
X-ray --- cardiac cells --- cardiac tissues
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The x-ray is the only invention that became a regular diagnostic tool in hospitals within a week of its first observation by Roentgen in 1895. Even today, x-rays are a great characterization tool at the hands of scientists working in almost every field, such as medicine, physics, material science, space science, chemistry, archeology, and metallurgy. With vast existing applications of x-rays, it is even more surprising that every day people are finding new applications of x-rays or refining the existing techniques. This book consists of selected chapters on the recent applications of x-ray spectroscopy that are of great interest to the scientists and engineers working in the fields of material science, physics, chemistry, astrophysics, astrochemistry, instrumentation, and techniques of x-ray based characterization. The chapters have been grouped into two major sections based upon the techniques and applications. The book covers some basic principles of satellite x-rays as characterization tools for chemical properties and the physics of detectors and x-ray spectrometer. The techniques like EDXRF, WDXRF, EPMA, satellites, micro-beam analysis, particle induced XRF, and matrix effects are discussed. The characterization of thin films and ceramic materials using x-rays is also covered.
X-ray spectroscopy. --- Emission spectroscopy, X-ray --- Energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy --- Excitation analysis, Fluorescent --- Fluorescence analysis, X-ray --- Fluorescent excitation analysis --- Fluorescent x-ray spectroscopy --- X-ray emission spectroscopy --- X-ray fluorescence analysis --- XES (X-ray emission spectroscopy) --- Spectrum analysis --- Laser physics
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This volume contains selected papers from a major conference held in October 2008 to celebrate the 20th anniversary of the setting up of the Centre for Metropolitan History at the IHR, and the contribution of Professor Derek Keene to the Centre, the IHR and the wider world of scholarship.
Cities and towns ‡x History. --- London (England) ‡x History. --- Cities and towns --- History. --- London (England)
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X-ray scattering techniques are a family of nondestructive analytical techniques. Using these techniques, scientists obtain information about the crystal structure and chemical and physical properties of materials. Nowadays, different techniques are based on observing the scattered intensity of an X-ray beam hitting a sample as a function of incident and scattered angle, polarization, and wavelength. This book is intended to give overviews of the relevant X-ray scattering techniques, particularly about inelastic X-ray scattering, elastic scattering, grazing-incidence small-angle X-ray scattering, small-angle X-ray scattering, and high-resolution X-ray diffraction, and, finally, applications of X-ray spectroscopy to study different biological systems.
X-ray spectroscopy. --- Emission spectroscopy, X-ray --- Energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy --- Excitation analysis, Fluorescent --- Fluorescence analysis, X-ray --- Fluorescent excitation analysis --- Fluorescent x-ray spectroscopy --- X-ray emission spectroscopy --- X-ray fluorescence analysis --- XES (X-ray emission spectroscopy) --- Spectrum analysis --- Physical Sciences --- Engineering and Technology --- Optoelectronics --- Physics --- Optics and Lasers
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At present, the design of unstiffened, welded circular hollow section (CHS) joints made of stainless steels is insufficiently regulated since all available design rules are based upon results of investigations on CHS joints made of unalloyed and low-alloy structural steels. This work deals with the load-bearing capacity of uniplanar CHS X-joints made of stainless steels under predominantly static axial loading. A design concept for these type of joints was developed.
X-joints --- KHP --- statischCHS --- static --- stainless steels --- Axialbeanspruchung --- axial loading --- X-Knoten --- nichtrostende Stähle
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Grating based X-ray phase contrast imaging sets out to overcome the limits of conventional X-ray imaging in the detection of subtle density differences and opens a way to characterize a sample’s microstructure without the need for ultrahigh spatial resolution. The technique relies on grating structures with micrometric periods and extreme aspect ratio – their fabrication by X-ray lithography with optimal structure quality is the topic of this work.
Talbot effect --- Röntgengitter --- LIGA --- X-ray optics --- Phasenkontrast --- Talbot-Effect --- phase contrast --- X-ray gratings --- Röntgenoptik
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Postérieures aux Constitutions de Melfi de l’empereur Frédéric II, mais incomparablement plus ambitieuses par leur contenu, les Sept parties d’Alphonse X le Sage, dont la première rédaction fut achevée en 1265, constituent le plus grand et l’un des tout premiers codes de droit royal territorial de l’Occident médiéval. Leur influence fut considérable : les Rois Catholiques et Charles Quint en firent un texte de référence pour la construction de l’État moderne en Espagne et au XIXe siècle encore leur impact sera capital sur les constitutions des nations indépendantes d’Amérique latine. La deuxième de ces Sept parties forme un important traité de droit et de philosophie politiques qui compta parmi les sources de Raymond Lulle, Thomas d’Aquin, Brunetto Latini, Dante et d’autres nombreux penseurs et légistes. La Deuxième partie n’a jamais été traduite en français. Elle compte 31 titres dont 21 ont été traduits à ce jour par l’équipe de traducteurs. Au cours des deux années à venir, l’entreprise collective de traduction sera poursuivie et les lois et les titres traduits seront mis en ligne au fur et à mesure de l’avancée des travaux. Au terme de cette période, l’ensemble sera harmonisé et complété par une étude de l’œuvre.
Medieval & Renaissance Studies --- droit royal --- Alphonse X --- Moyen Âge
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