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This book covers selected topics in different aspects of science and technology of alkali-ion batteries written by experts from international scientific community. Through the 9 chapters, the reader will have access to the most recent research and development findings on alkali-ion batteries through original research studies and literature reviews. This book covers inter-disciplinary aspects of alkali-ion batteries including new progress on material chemistry, micro/nano structural designs, computational and theoretical models and understanding of structural changes during electrochemical processes of alkali-ion batteries.

Alkali metals. --- Lithium ions. --- Alkali metal ions --- Light metals --- Semi-conductors & super-conductors

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High-energy charged particles represent a cutting-edge technique in radiation oncology. Protons and carbon ions are used in several centers all over the world for the treatment of different solid tumors. Typical indications are ocular malignancies, tumors of the base of the skull, hepatocellular carcinomas and various sarcomas. The physical characteristics of the charged particles (Bragg peak) allow sparing of much more normal tissues than it is possible using conventional X-rays, and for this reason all pediatric tumors are considered eligible for protontherapy. Ions heavier than protons also display special radiobiological characteristics, which make them effective against radioresistant and hypoxic tumors. On the other hand, protons and ions with high charge (Z) and energy (HZE particles) represent a major risk for human space exploration. The main late effect of radiation exposure is cancer induction, and at the moment the dose limits for astronauts are based on cancer mortality risk. The Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) measured the dose on the route to Mars and on the planet’s surface, suggesting that a human exploration missions will exceed the radiation risk limits. Notwithstanding many studies on carcinogenesis induced by protons and heavy ions, the risk uncertainty remains very high. In this research topic we aim at gathering the experiences and opinions of scientists dealing with high-energy charged particles either for cancer treatment or for space radiation protection. Clinical results with protons and heavy ions, as well as research in medical physics and pre-clinical radiobiology are reported. In addition, ground-based and spaceflight studies on the effects of space radiation are included in this book. Particularly relevant for space studies are the clinical results on normal tissue complications and second cancers. The eBook nicely demonstrates that particle therapy in oncology and protection of astronauts from space radiation share many common topics, and can learn from each other.

carbon ions --- heavy ions --- Mars --- proton therapy --- radiotherapy --- particle radiobiology --- protons --- space radiation protection --- Charged particles --- space travel

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Recent Advances in Ionic Liquids contains research on the preparation, characterization, and potential applications of stable ionic liquids (ILs). ILs are a class of low- and stable-melting point, ionic compounds that have a variety of properties allowing many of them to be sustainable green solvents. It is promising novel research from top to bottom and has received a lot of interest over the last few decades. It covers the advanced topics of physical, catalytic, chemical, polymeric, and potential applications of ILs. This book features interesting reports on cutting-edge science and technology related to the preparation, characterization, polymerization, and potential applications of ILs. This potentially unique work offers various approaches on the R&D implementation of ILs or related ionic catalysts and their conjugates. With this in mind, the authors present R&D on the preparation, properties, potential applications, and utility of ILs. The chapters describe important applications in a wide variety of contexts, including polymerization, devices, electrochemistry, and biotechnology. Both the theoretical and practical, it can be passed from the stable as well as molten salt to the ionic liquid and vice versa. Experimental and theoretical techniques for examining these studies are elaborated based on the methods for preparation, utilization, applications, and analysis. This book epitomizes the transfer of these techniques and methods between the differing temperature regimes, and is a major contribution to the future of both fields. The book presents an overview of current ILs fundamentals: preparation, polymerization, substantial applications, and enhancement of research worldwide. The techniques of ILs preparation, total characterization, and possible applications related with ILs as well as modified or conjugated material research are investigated. It is hoped that it will be an important book for research organizations, governmental research centers, and academic libraries engaged in recent R&D of ILs.

Ionic solutions. --- Solutions, Ionic --- Ions --- Solution (Chemistry) --- Engineering --- Physical Sciences --- Engineering and Technology --- Physical Chemistry --- Chemical Engineering

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Concerns with ionic liquids are one of the most interesting and rapidly developing areas in modern physical chemistry, materials science, technologies, and engineering. Increasing attention has also been paid to the use of ionic liquids in the research fields of biological aspects and natural resources. This book provides the forum for dissemination and exchange of up-to-date scientific information on theoretical, generic, and applied areas of ionic liquids. It, therefore, tends to review recent progresses in ionic liquid research on fundamental properties, solvents and catalysts in organic reactions, biological applications, providing energies and fuels, biomass conversions, functional materials, and other applications. I trust that this book will provide an active source of information for research in ionic liquid science and engineering.

Ionic solutions. --- Solutions, Ionic --- Ions --- Solution (Chemistry) --- Physical Sciences --- Engineering and Technology --- Materials Science --- Fluid Dynamics --- Fluid Mechanics

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This book is the second in the series of publications in this field by this publisher, and contains a number of latest research developments on ionic liquids (ILs). This promising new area has received a lot of attention during the last 20 years. Readers will find 30 chapters collected in 6 sections on recent applications of ILs in polymer sciences, material chemistry, catalysis, nanotechnology, biotechnology and electrochemical applications. The authors of each chapter are scientists and technologists from different countries with strong expertise in their respective fields. You will be able to perceive a trend analysis and examine recent developments in different areas of ILs chemistry and technologies. The book should help in systematization of knowledges in ILs science, creation of new approaches in this field and further promotion of ILs technologies for the future.

Ionic solutions. --- Solutions, Ionic --- Ions --- Solution (Chemistry) --- Physical Sciences --- Engineering and Technology --- Materials Science --- Fluid Dynamics --- Fluid Mechanics