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The fascinating history of local anesthetics was born in the Andean Mountains with the use of Erythroxylum coca and has gradually evolved into a group of safe drugs in anesthesiology and pain medicine. Their mechanism of action on the cell membrane produces anesthesia, analgesia, and side effects that can be catastrophic. Other effects such as antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antineoplastic, and other therapeutic results have also been found and are still under investigation. Pharmacological advances in local anesthetics, the use of adjuvant drugs, and new regional anesthesia techniques have resulted in greater efficacy and safety for patients.Written by authors from around the world, this book examines selected topics on local anesthetics and their current use in clinical practice.

Local anesthetics. --- Local anesthetics --- History.

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Poised at the convergence of most catabolic and anabolic pathways, mitochondria are the center of heterotrophic aerobic life, representing a hub in the overall metabolic network of cells. The energetic functions performed by mitochondria face the unavoidable redox hurdle of handling huge amounts of oxygen while keeping its own as well as the cellular redox environment under control. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced in the respiratory chain as a result of the energy supplying function of mitochondria. Originally considered an unavoidable by-product of oxidative phosphorylation, ROS have become crucial signaling molecules when their levels are kept within physiological range. This occurs when their production and scavenging are balanced within mitochondria and cells. Mitochondria-generated hydrogen peroxide can act as a signaling molecule within mitochondria or in the cytoplasm, affecting multiple networks that control, for example, cell cycle, stress response, cell migration and adhesion, energy metabolism, redox balance, cell contraction, and ion channels. However, under pathophysiological conditions, excessive ROS levels can happen due to either overproduction, overwhelming of antioxidant defenses, or both. Under oxidative stress, detrimental effects of ROS include oxidation of protein, lipids, and nucleic acids; mitochondrial depolarization and calcium overload; and cell-wide oscillations mediated by ROS-induced ROS release mechanisms. Mitochondrial dysfunction is central in the pathogenesis of numerous human maladies including cardiomyopathies and neurodegeneration. Diseases characterized by altered nutrient metabolism, such as diabetes and cancer, exhibit elevated ROS levels. These may contribute to pathogenesis by increasing DNA mutation, affecting regulatory signaling and transcription, and promoting inflammation. Under metabolic stress, several ionic channels present in the inner and outer mitochondrial membranes can have pro-life and -death effects. In the present E-book, based on the Frontiers Research Topic entitled: "Mitochondria: Hubs of cellular signaling, energetics and redox balance", we address one of the fundamental questions that the field of ROS biology faces today: how do mitochondria accomplish a reliable energy provision and at the same time keep ROS levels within physiological, non-harming, limits but crucial for cellular signaling function? Additionally, and within the perspective of mitochondria as signaling-energetic hubs in the extensive cellular metabolic network, we ask how can their collective dynamics scale from the subcellular to the cellular, tissue and organ levels to affect function in health and disease.

redox and energetic compartmentation --- light- and anesthetics-induced cardioprotection --- redox metabolism and signaling --- hypertrophic and diabetic cardiomyopathies --- skeletal-cardiac muscle and brain protection --- ketone bodies --- post-translational modifications --- redox aging --- lipid catabolism --- necroptosis

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Minimally invasive surgery has become a common term in visceral as well as gynecologic surgery. It has almost evolved into its own surgical speciality over the past 20 years. Today, being firmly established in every subspeciality of visceral surgery, it is now no longer a distinct skillset, but a fixed part of the armamentarium of surgical options available. In every indication, the advantages of a minimally invasive approach include reduced intraoperative blood loss, less postoperative pain, and shorter rehabilitation times, as well as a marked reduction of overall and surgical postoperative morbidity. In the advent of modern oncologic treatment algorithms, these effects not only lower the immediate impact that an operation has on the patient, but also become important key steps in reducing the side-effects of surgery. Thus, they enable surgery to become a module in modern multi-disciplinary cancer treatment, which blends into multimodular treatment options at different times and prolongs and widens the possibilities available to cancer patients. In this quickly changing environment, the requirement to learn and refine not only open surgical but also different minimally invasive techniques on high levels deeply impact modern surgical training pathways. The use of modern elearning tools and new and praxis-based surgical training possibilities have been readily integrated into modern surgical education,which persists throughout the whole surgical career of modern gynecologic and visceral surgery specialists.

ovarian cancer --- laparoscopy --- minimally invasive surgery --- survival --- mortality --- platelet-rich plasma (PRP) --- thin endometrium --- hysteroscopy --- robotic surgery --- sexuality --- laparoscopic hysterectomy --- learning curve --- quality of life --- counseling --- patient-doctor-relationship --- body donors --- surgical education --- clinical anatomy --- live surgery events --- neuropelveology --- LION procedure --- genital nerves stimulation --- chronic pelvic pain --- esophagectomy --- esophageal cancer --- Ivor-Lewis procedure --- health-related quality of life --- cervical cancer --- robotic radical hysterectomy --- recurrence rate --- surgery --- artificial intelligence --- machine learning --- augmented reality --- hysterectomy --- NOTES --- minimally invasive --- systematic review --- meta-analysis --- pediatric surgery --- fetal surgery --- single-incision surgery --- surgical techniques --- surgical devices --- open surgery --- endoscopy --- endoscopic surgery --- cysts of the canal of Nuck --- Nuck hydrocele --- hydrocelectomy --- TAPP --- Lichtenstein --- colorectal liver metastases --- laparoscopic liver surgery --- minimal invasive surgery --- general anesthesia --- anesthetics --- perioperative care --- laparoscopic surgery --- endometrial cancer --- lymphadenectomy --- embryology --- sentinel lymph node mapping --- indocyanine green --- PMMR --- technical aspects --- rectal cancer --- mesorectal --- transanal --- laparoscopic --- local recurrence --- conversion rate --- minimally invasive surgical procedures --- radiotherapy --- ovarian neoplasms --- endometrial neoplasms --- uterine cervical neoplasms --- vaginal neoplasms --- vulvar neoplasms --- survival analysis --- n/a --- video feedback --- video modeling --- gynecology --- surgical training --- pelvitrainer --- prolapse --- pelvic floor --- native tissue --- pectopexy --- robotic assisted surgery --- pancreatic surgery --- pancreaticoduodenectomy --- pelvic floor repair --- laparoscopic repair --- vaginal repair --- mesh use --- VATS --- pain --- postoperative pain control --- thoracic surgery --- lung cancer --- intercostal catheter --- opioid --- regional anaesthesia --- hepatectomy --- single-port laparoscopy --- radiofrequency pre-coagulation --- endometriosis --- endometrioma surgery --- ovarian reserve --- anti-Müllerian hormone --- spontaneous pregnancy --- robotic liver resection --- da Vinci --- intraoperative imaging --- hepatocellular cancer --- real-life imaging --- hepatic metastasis --- COVID-19 --- sars-cov-2 --- surgical performance --- 3D printing --- skill assessment --- snorkel mask --- malabsorption --- Roux-en-Y gastric bypass --- one-anastomosis gastric bypass --- SADI-S --- biliopancreatic diversion --- weight regain --- hepatocellular carcinoma --- cholangiocarcinoma --- risk score --- pelvic compartments --- embryologic development --- oncologic surgery --- pelvic lymphonodectomy --- topographic anatomy --- autonomic pelvic nerves --- uterine cancer --- prostate cancer --- diaphragmatic hernia --- liver resection --- hernia repair --- mesh --- enterothorax --- anti-Müllerian hormone