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This study is a translation and exegesis of Mishnah ' s Tractate Maaserot (Tithes) and its corresponding tractate of Tosefta . The goal of the volume is to understand the laws of Maaserot as the tractate 's creator(s) intended them to be understood.

Tithes (Jewish law) --- Mishnah. --- Tosefta. --- Judaism

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Research and advances in the treatment of Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a story of growing success. Great progress has been made in identifying the molecular mechanisms that can be utilized to develop highly efficacious treatments for MS patients. Since the middle of the last century, when studies using an inflammatory autoimmune model of MS i.e. experimental autoimmune encephalitis (EAE) were initiated, research on MS has since led to an enormous growth of knowledge. The limitations arising from these animal models have been partially compensated by insights generated from histopathological, immunological, genetic, imaging and clinical studies of MS. The importance of T cells and, recently of B cells, in MS has been elucidated and the significance of CNS resident cells, particularly in the progressive course of MS has been highlighted. The importance of environmental factors and genetic predisposition have also been recognized and the interaction between th e individual and its environment seems to play key roles in the pathogenesis of this disease. However, definite causative agent(s) or single gene(s) involved in MS still remain unidentified. A deeper understanding of the immunological pathways involved goes hand in hand with further improving therapy for MS. Focal inflammation in MS, caused by de novo CNS infiltration, can be prevented effectively using peripherally-acting drugs. However, diffuse CNS intrinsic inflammation and neurodegeneration are not targeted by the current arsenal of therapeutics and patients with progressive disease courses remain difficult to treat. Generating insights into pathophysiological processes and the clinical translation of this knowledge have been a formula of success for treating inflammatory diseases. The future will show whether this will hold true for CNS-trapped inflammation and neurodegeneration and whether the ultimate goal – truly curing MS – will be possible.

Multiple Sclerosis --- Multiple Sclerois and Neuroimmunology --- Multiple sclerosis - drug therapy --- Multiple sclerosis - epidemiology --- Multiple sclerosis - etiology

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Du maréchal de MacMahon au général de Gaulle, militaires et hommes politiques entretiennent des relations dominées par une mutuelle incompréhension et une large suspicion. Les premiers accusent les poli­tiques de diviser les Français en professionnels de la chicane, quand les seconds suspectent nombre d’officiers de rêver au renversement de la République. Ce livre dépasse les stéréotypes habituels. En une cinquantaine de contributions, il étudie toutes les formes de participation des officiers au pouvoir et à la vie publique, de rétablissement de la Troisième République aux débuts de la Cinquième, de la fin de la guerre de 1870-1871 à la conclusion du conflit algérien. Le métier des armes est, par essence, de nature politique en ce qu’il participe de la conduite de la cité. Certes la professionnalisation de l’action politique sans parler de la peur qu’inspire aux républicains le césarisme a contribué à maintenir les officiers dans les limites de l’expertise. Mais les grands chefs, au même titre qu’une poignée de hauts fonctionnaires, participent au pouvoir par leur contribution à la définition de la politique de défense et de certains aspects de la politique extérieure. Par une approche pluridisciplinaire, associant historiens, juristes, poli­tiques et sociologues, universitaires et militaires, ce colloque rompt défi­nitivement avec l’image simpliste de deux mondes étanches l’un à l’autre et renouvelle l’étude des relations entre les officiers et la vie politique.

History --- biographie --- politique --- armée --- gouvernement --- activité politique --- officier --- général --- pouvoir civil --- pouvoir militaire --- force armée