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The CA3 hippocampal region receives information from the entorhinal cortex either directly from the perforant path or indirectly from the dentate gyrus via the mossy fibers (MFs). According to their specific targets (principal/mossy cells or interneurons), MFs terminate with large boutons or small filopodial extensions, respectively. MF-CA3 synapses are characterized by a low probability of release and pronounced frequency-dependent facilitation. In addition MF terminals are endowed with mGluRs that regulate their own release. We will describe the intrinsic membrane properties of pyramidal cells, which can sometimes fire in bursts, together with the geometry of their dendritic arborization. The single layer of pyramidal cells is quite distinct from the six-layered neocortical arrangement. The resulting aligned dendrites provides the substrate for laminated excitatory inputs. They also underlie a precise, diversity of inhibitory control which we will also describe in detail. The CA3 region has an especially rich internal connectivity, with recurrent excitatory and inhibitory loops. In recent years both in vivo and in vitro studies have allowed to better understand functional properties of the CA3 auto-associative network and its role in information processing. This circuit is implicated in encoding spatial representations and episodic memories. It generates physiological population synchronies, including gamma, theta and sharp-waves that are presumed to associate firing in selected assemblies of cells in different behavioral conditions. The CA3 region is susceptible to neurodegeneration during aging and after stresses such as infection or injury. Loss of some CA3 neurones has striking effects on mossy fiber inputs and can facilitate the generation of pathologic synchrony within the CA3 micro-circuit. The aim of this special topic is to bring together experts on the cellular and molecular mechanisms regulating the wiring properties of the CA3 hippocampal microcircuit in both physiological and pathological conditions, synaptic plasticity, behavior and cognition. We will particularly emphasize the dual glutamatergic and GABAergic phenotype of MF-CA3 synapses at early developmental stages and the steps that regulate the integration of newly generated neurons into the adult dentate gyrus-CA3 circuit.

Hippocampus (Brain) --- Neurobiology. --- Neurosciences. --- Physiology. --- episodic memory --- mossy fibers --- Associative network --- spatial representation --- CA3 subfield --- Hippocampus --- Theta Rhythm

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The PhD course in Mediaeval History of the University of Florence is one of the oldest in the Italian university circuit. Founded in 1983 by Girolamo Arnaldi, Elio Conti and Raoul Manselli, all the cycles of the courses were launched, achieving results of the greatest significance in the sphere of research. Over the years, about sixty young students and a couple of dozen teachers have given shape to a human and intellectual experience based on exchange and the acceptance of different points of view. Traced out in this book is a brief history of the first twenty years, rendering account of the activities fostered and the research carried out, and providing the scientific and bibliographic profiles of each member.

Historians --- Middle Ages. --- Dark Ages --- History, Medieval --- Medieval history --- Medieval period --- Middle Ages --- World history, Medieval --- World history --- Civilization, Medieval --- Medievalism --- Renaissance --- History

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The volume, which collects the proceedings of the international conference held in Florence in the spring of 2005, takes up a theme, that of the urban and rural revolts of the fourteenth century, which had known a certain oblivion in recent times compared to the extraordinary fortune it had enjoyed above all in the 60s and 70s of the last century, driven by the troubled events of those decades. The sixteen essays that compose it, the work of specialists from five different European countries, develop three different forms of analysis within a chronological cut that refers to a large fourteenth century, ranging from the last decades of the thirteenth century to the early fifteenth century. , according to a consolidated and shared chronology. Il volume, che raccoglie gli atti del convegno internazionale tenutosi a Firenze nella primavera del 2005, riprende una tematica, quella delle rivolte urbane e rurali del XIV secolo, che aveva conosciuto un certo oblio negli ultimi tempi rispetto alla straordinaria fortuna di cui aveva goduto soprattutto negli anni '60 e '70 del secolo scorso, sulla spinta delle vicende tormentate di quei decenni. I sedici saggi che lo compongono, opera di specialisti di cinque diversi paesi europei, sviluppano tre diverse forme di analisi all'interno di un taglio cronologico che fa riferimento a un Trecento largo, che va dagli ultimi decenni del XIII secolo sino ai primi del XV, secondo una cronologia consolidata e condivisa.

Revolutions --- Insurrections --- Rebellions --- Revolts --- Revolutionary wars --- History --- Political science --- Political violence --- War --- Government, Resistance to --- Europe --- Council of Europe countries --- Eastern Hemisphere --- Eurasia --- Social conditions --- Storia medievale --- Storia --- Secolo XIV