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Islam --- anno 500-1199 --- Muhammad, --- Chronology --- Islamic Empire --- Empire islamique --- History --- Histoire --- Chronologie --- 297 <09> --- 930.24 --- Islam. Mohammedanisme--Geschiedenis van ... --- Historische chronologie --- Muhammad Prophet --- -Chronology --- -Arab countries --- Arab Empire --- Empire, Islamic --- Middle East --- Muslim Empire --- Muḥammad, --- Chronology. --- -History --- 930.24 Historische chronologie --- Muḥammad, --- Islam. Mohammedanisme--Geschiedenis van .. --- Mahomed, --- Maḥmūd, --- Mahomet, --- Mohammed, --- Magomet, --- Mu-han-mo-te, --- Nabi Muhammad, --- Mukhammed, --- Maometto, --- Mahometto, --- Mohammad, --- Mahoma, --- Muḥamad, --- מוחמד --- מוחמד, --- ، محمد --- النبي محمد --- محمد --- محمد الرسول --- محمد النبي --- محمد، نبي --- محمد، پيامبر --- محمد، --- محمدو --- محمد, --- محمد. --- ممحمد، --- Arab countries --- Islam. Mohammedanisme--Geschiedenis van . --- محمد الرسول, --- محمد النبي, --- Islam. Mohammedanisme--Geschiedenis van

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"Heretic and impostor or reformer and statesman? The contradictory Western visions of Muhammad. In European culture, Muhammad has been vilified as a heretic, an impostor, and a pagan idol. But these aren't the only images of the Prophet of Islam that emerge from Western history. Commentators have also portrayed Muhammad as a visionary reformer and an inspirational leader, statesman, and lawgiver. In Faces of Muhammad, John Tolan provides a comprehensive history of these changing, complex, and contradictory visions. Starting from the earliest calls to the faithful to join the Crusades against the "Saracens," he traces the evolution of Western conceptions of Muhammad through the Reformation, the Enlightenment, and the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, and up to the present day. Faces of Muhammad reveals a lengthy tradition of positive portrayals of Muhammad that many will find surprising. To Reformation polemicists, the spread of Islam attested to the corruption of the established Church, and prompted them to depict Muhammad as a champion of reform. In revolutionary England, writers on both sides of the conflict drew parallels between Muhammad and Oliver Cromwell, asking whether the prophet was a rebel against legitimate authority or the bringer of a new and just order. Voltaire first saw Muhammad as an archetypal religious fanatic but later claimed him as an enemy of superstition. To Napoleon, he was simply a role model: a brilliant general, orator, and leader. The book shows that Muhammad wears so many faces in the West because he has always acted as a mirror for its writers, their portrayals revealing more about their own concerns than the historical realities of the founder of Islam"

Islam --- History of Europe --- Muhammad --- 297*35 --- 297.167 --- 297.167 Islam: stichter: Mohammed --- Islam: stichter: Mohammed --- 297*35 Islam en het Westen --- Islam en het Westen --- Mohammedanism --- Muhammadanism --- Muslimism --- Mussulmanism --- Religions --- Muslims --- Public opinion --- Muḥammad, --- Mahomed, --- Maḥmūd, --- Mahomet, --- Mohammed, --- Magomet, --- Mu-han-mo-te, --- Nabi Muhammad, --- Mukhammed, --- Maometto, --- Mahometto, --- Mohammad, --- Mahoma, --- Muḥamad, --- מוחמד --- מוחמד, --- ، محمد --- النبي محمد --- محمد --- محمد الرسول --- محمد النبي --- محمد، نبي --- محمد، پيامبر --- محمد، --- محمدو --- محمد, --- محمد. --- ممحمد، --- Public opinion. --- Islamic countries --- Europe --- Relations --- محمد الرسول, --- محمد النبي, --- Muḥammad --- Appréciation --- Cristianisme i altres religions --- Islamisme --- Apreciació --- Interpretacions cristianes --- Europe. --- Islamic countries. --- Western countries. --- Westliche Welt --- Westliche Staaten --- Westen --- Der Westen --- Kapitalistische Staaten --- Industriestaaten --- Westmächte --- Nichtwestliche Welt --- Occident --- Western countries --- Western nations --- Western world --- Developed countries --- Muslim countries --- Council of Europe countries --- Eastern Hemisphere --- Eurasia