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Supercharging the reciprocating piston internal combustion engine is as old as the engine itself. Early on, it was used to improve the high-altitude performance of aircraft engines and later to increase the short-term peak performance in sporty or very expensive automobiles. It took nearly 30 years until it reached economic importance in the form of the ef?ciency-improving exhaust gas turbocharging of slow- and medium-speed diesel engines. It took 30 more years until it entered high-volume automotive engine production, in the form of both mechanically driven displacement compressors and modern exhaust gas turbocharging systems. Since, in spite of promising alternative developments for mobile applications, the internal combustion engine will remain dominant for the foreseeable future, its further development is essential. Today many demands are placed on automobile engines: on the one hand, consumers insistonextremeef?ciency,andontheotherhandlawsestablishstrictstandardsfor,e.g.,noiseand exhaust gas emissions. It would be extremely dif?cult for an internal combustion engine to meet these demands without the advantages afforded by supercharging. The purpose of this book is to facilitate a better understanding of the characteristics of superchargers in respect to their physical operating principles, as well as their interaction with piston engines. This applies both to the displacementcompressorandtoexhaustgasturbochargingsystems,whichoftenareverycomplex. It is not intended to cover the layout, calculation, and design of supercharging equipment as such-thisspecialareaisreservedforthepertinenttechnicalliterature-buttocoverthosequestions which are important for an ef?cient interaction between engine and supercharging system, as well as the description of the tools necessary to obtain an optimal engine-supercharger combination.

Thermodynamics --- Internal combustion engines --- Transport engineering --- thermodynamica --- transport --- ingenieurswetenschappen --- verbrandingsmotoren

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Ideals are simple and able to be easily understood, but never exist in reality. In this book a theory based on the second law of thermodynamics and its applications are described. In thermodynamics there is a concept of an ideal gas which satisfies a mathematical formula PV = RT. This formula can appro- mately be applied to the real gas, so far as the gas has not an especially high pressure and low temperature. In connection with the second law of thermo- namics there is also a concept of reversible and irreversible processes. The reversible process is a phenomenon proceeding at an infinitely low velocity, while the irreversible process is that proceeding with a finite velocity. Such a process with an infinitely slow velocity can really never take place, and all processes observed are always irreversible, therefore, the reversible process is an ideal process, while the irreversible process is a real process. According to the first law of thermodynamics the energy increase dU of the thermodynamic system is a sum of the heat dQ added to the system and work dW done in the system. Practically, however, the mathematical formula of the law is often expressed by the equation , or some similar equations derived from this formula, is applied to many phenomena. Such formulae are, however, th- retically only applicable to phenomena proceeding at an infinitely low velocity, that is, reversible processes or ideal processes.

Classical mechanics. Field theory --- Fluid mechanics --- Thermodynamics --- Physicochemistry --- Internal combustion engines --- Applied physical engineering --- thermodynamica --- ingenieurswetenschappen --- mechanica --- verbrandingsmotoren --- fysicochemie --- vloeistoffen

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This book covers the various approaches to modelling and optimising the spray and mixture formation processes in modern internal combustion engines. Due to their complexity and importance in predicting the temporal and spatial distribution of liquid and gaseous fuel inside the cylinder, special emphasis is put on the detailed description of multi-dimensional CFD-models. The book describes and discusses the most widely used mathematical models for in-cylinder spray and mixture formation processes. These processes are the most important sub-processes today affecting engine fuel consumption and pollutant emissions. The relevant thermodynamic and fluid dynamic processes are summarized, and then the application to the in-cylinder processes is described. Although the combustion and formation of emissions are not part of this book, the effects of the different mixture formation concepts on the combustion process are always included. After the introduction (chapter 1), the fundamentals of mixture formation like injection systems and nozzle types, break-up regimes of liquid jets and droplets, semi-empirical relations and basic experimental investigations are summarized in chapter 2. Hence, this chapter provides the reader with the basic knowledge in order to facilitate the comprehension of the following parts. In the third chapter the basic conservation equations which are necessary for the three-dimensional simulation of mixture formation are derived. This chapter includes the relevant equations for the description of the continuous phase (Eulerian description, conservation equations, turbulence modelling) and the dispersed phase (Lagrangian description, spray equation, Monte-Carlo-Method and stochastic-parcel-method). The three-dimensional CFD modelling of primary and secondary spray break-up, evaporation, turbulent dispersion, collision, wall impingement and ignition is presented in detail in chapter four. Example calculations are compared with semi-empirical relations and corresponding experimental data - represented in diagrams as well as in images resulting from modern optical measurement techniques - in order to discuss the capabilities of today's simulation models as well as their shortcomings. Chapter five is about the influence of grid resolution on the numerical computations of jets. The Problem of defining an optimal grid size as well as approaches to reduce the grid dependency are discussed. The last chapter deals with modern strategies for mixture formation and combustion processes. Today's and future requirements concerning the development of injection systems capable of optimising the combustion process in terms of reduced fuel consumption and emissions are discussed. Mixture formation concepts like gasoline direct wall-guided, air-guided and spray-guided injection techniques, variable rate shaping, variable needle lift, modulation of injection pressure as well as the application of homogeneous charge compression ignition concepts are described and compared with experimental data. This book may serve both as a graduate level textbook for combustion engineering students and as a reference for professionals in the field of in-cylinder mixture formation and combustion engine modelling.

Fluid mechanics --- Thermodynamics --- Internal combustion engines --- Applied physical engineering --- Transport engineering --- Engineering sciences. Technology --- thermodynamica --- BIT (biochemische ingenieurstechnieken) --- transport --- ingenieurswetenschappen --- verbrandingsmotoren --- vloeistoffen

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Combustion systems are confined fields of compressible fluids where exothermic processes of combustion take place, subject to conditions imposed at their boundaries. The subject of Dynamics of Combustion Systems is presented in three parts: Part 1. Exothermicity - considering the thermodynamic effects due to evolution of exothermic energy in a combustion system Chapter 1. Thermodynamic Aspects Chapter 2. Evolutionary Aspects Chapter 3. Heat Transfer Aspects Chapter 4. Chemical Kinetic Aspects Part 2. Field- exposing the dynamic properties of flow fields where the exothermic energy is deposited Chapter 5. Aerodynamic Aspects Chapter 6. Random Vortex Method Chapter 7. Gasdynamic Aspects Chapter 8. Gasdynamic Fronts Part 3. Explosion - revealing the dynamic features of fields and fronts due to rapid deposition of exothermic energy Chapter 9. Blast Waves Chapter 10. Self-Similar Blast Wave Chapter 11. Phase Space Method Chapter 12. Detonations

Classical mechanics. Field theory --- Fluid mechanics --- Thermodynamics --- Physicochemistry --- Internal combustion engines --- Applied physical engineering --- Engineering sciences. Technology --- thermodynamica --- BIT (biochemische ingenieurstechnieken) --- ingenieurswetenschappen --- mechanica --- verbrandingsmotoren --- fysicochemie --- vloeistoffen

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Combustion is an old technology, which at present provides about 90% of our worldwide energy support. Combustion research in the past used fluid mechanics with global heat release by chemical reactions described with thermodynamics, assuming infinitely fast reactions. This approach was useful for stationary combustion processes, but it is not sufficient for transient processes like ignition and quenching or for pollutant formation. Yet pollutant formation during combustion of fossil fuels is a central topic and will continue to be so in the future. This book provides a detailed and rigorous treatment of the coupling of chemical reactions and fluid flow. Also, combustion-specific topics of chemistry and fluid mechanics are considered and tools described for the simulation of combustion processes. The actual fourth edition presents a completely restructured book: Mathematical Formulae and derivations as well as the space-consuming reaction mechanisms have been replaced from the text to appendix. A new chapter discusses the impact of combustion processes on the earth's atmosphere, the chapter on auto-ignition is extended to combustion in Otto- and Diesel-engines, and the chapters on heterogeneous combustion and on soot formation appear heavily revised.

Nature protection --- Classical mechanics. Field theory --- Fluid mechanics --- Thermodynamics --- Physicochemistry --- Internal combustion engines --- Applied physical engineering --- Air pollution. Air purification --- Engineering sciences. Technology --- thermodynamica --- BIT (biochemische ingenieurstechnieken) --- luchtverontreiniging --- ingenieurswetenschappen --- mechanica --- verbrandingsmotoren --- fysicochemie --- vloeistoffen