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During the past three decades, feminist scholars in almost all social and behavioral sciences, as well as the humanities, have successfully demonstrated the ubiquity and omnirelevance of gender as a socio-cultural construction in virtually all human collectives, past and present. Gender shapes and is shaped in all arenas of social life, from the most mundane practices of everyday life to those of the most powerful corporate actors. In this seminal work, the contributors focus on sociological theories and research concerning gender, which are discussed across the full array of social processes, structures and institutions. In each chapter, focus is placed on gender rather than on women alone, and copious cross-national and historical material is utilized in addition to an in-depth focus on contemporary North America. Sections include: I: Basic Issues II: Macrostructures and Processes III: Microstructures and Processes IV: Institutions Each of these viewpoints survey the field in a critical manner, evaluating theoretical models in light of the best available empirical evidence. Distinctively sociological approaches are highlighted by means of explicit comparison to perspectives characterizing related disciplines such as psychology, psychiatry, and anthropology. This volume seeks to record where the field has been, to identify its current location and to plot its course for the future.

Social sciences. --- Consciousness. --- Apperception --- Mind and body --- Perception --- Philosophy --- Psychology --- Spirit --- Self --- Behavioral sciences --- Human sciences --- Sciences, Social --- Social science --- Social studies --- Civilization

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This book discusses two of the oldest and hardest problems in both science and philosophy: What is matter?, and What is mind? A reason for tackling both problems in a single book is that two of the most influential views in modern philosophy are that the universe is mental (idealism), and that the everything real is material (materialism). Most of the thinkers who espouse a materialist view of mind have obsolete ideas about matter, whereas those who claim that science supports idealism have not explained how the universe could have existed before humans emerged. Besides, both groups tend to ignore the other levels of existence chemical, biological, social, and technological. If such levels and the concomitant emergence processes are ignored, the physicalism/spiritualism dilemma remains unsolved, whereas if they are included, the alleged mysteries are shown to be problems that science is treating successfully.

Philosophical anthropology --- Philosophy of science --- Matter. --- Mind and body. --- Philosophy of mind. --- Physics --- Quantum theory. --- Philosophy. --- Matter --- Mind and body --- Philosophy of mind --- Quantum theory --- Quantum dynamics --- Quantum mechanics --- Quantum physics --- Mechanics --- Thermodynamics --- Mind, Philosophy of --- Mind, Theory of --- Theory of mind --- Philosophy --- Cognitive science --- Metaphysics --- Body and mind --- Body and soul (Philosophy) --- Human body --- Mind --- Mind-body connection --- Mind-body relations --- Mind-cure --- Somatopsychics --- Brain --- Dualism --- Holistic medicine --- Mental healing --- Parousia (Philosophy) --- Phrenology --- Psychophysiology --- Self --- Atoms --- Dynamics --- Gravitation --- Substance (Philosophy) --- Psychological aspects

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This book provides the blueprint of a thinking machine. While most of the current works in Artificial Intelligence (AI) focus on individual aspects of intelligence and cognition, the project described in this book, Non-Axiomatic Reasoning System (NARS), is designed and developed to attack the AI problem as a whole. This project is based on the belief that what we call "intelligence" can be understood and reproduced as "the capability of a system to adapt to its environment while working with insufficient knowledge and resources". According to this idea, a novel reasoning system is designed, which challenges all the dominating theories in how such a system should be built. The system carries out reasoning, learning, categorizing, planning, decision making, etc., as different facets of the same underlying process. This theory also provides unified solutions to many problems in AI, logic, psychology, and philosophy. This book is the most comprehensive description of this decades-long project, including its philosophical foundation, methodological consideration, conceptual design details, its implications in the related fields, as well as its similarities and differences to many related works in cognitive sciences.

Artificial intelligence. --- Logic. --- Argumentation --- Deduction (Logic) --- Deductive logic --- Dialectic (Logic) --- Logic, Deductive --- Intellect --- Philosophy --- Psychology --- Science --- Reasoning --- Thought and thinking --- AI (Artificial intelligence) --- Artificial thinking --- Electronic brains --- Intellectronics --- Intelligence, Artificial --- Intelligent machines --- Machine intelligence --- Thinking, Artificial --- Bionics --- Cognitive science --- Digital computer simulation --- Electronic data processing --- Logic machines --- Machine theory --- Self-organizing systems --- Simulation methods --- Fifth generation computers --- Neural computers --- Methodology --- Information Technology --- Artificial Intelligence --- Consciousness. --- Semantics. --- Philosophy of mind. --- Artificial Intelligence. --- Philosophy of Science. --- Cognitive Psychology. --- Philosophy of Mind. --- Philosophy. --- Mind, Philosophy of --- Mind, Theory of --- Theory of mind --- Metaphysics --- Philosophical anthropology --- Formal semantics --- Semasiology --- Semiology (Semantics) --- Comparative linguistics --- Information theory --- Language and languages --- Lexicology --- Meaning (Psychology) --- Apperception --- Mind and body --- Perception --- Spirit --- Self --- Normal science --- Philosophy of science --- Philosophy and science. --- Cognitive psychology. --- Psychology, Cognitive --- Science and philosophy

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The topic of prosocial behavior (e.g. fairness, solidarity, and altruism) has recently shifted back into the center of attention in a variety of disciplines, ranging from economics across sociology and psychology towards biology. It is now a well-accepted fact in all human sciences that human behavior is not always governed by egotism and selfish motives. Unfortunately, this does not explain why humans also act blatantly selfish and are blind to the suffering of others. This book is a response to the quandary. It brings together leading researchers in sociology and psychology to explain human egotism and altruism using not only their area of study but also bringing in research from economics and biology. Since this work brings together the research of many different disciplines, a complete account of solidarity and prosocial behavior is presented.

Solidarity --- Altruism --- Social groups --- Solidarité --- Altruisme --- Groupes sociaux --- Psychological aspects --- Aspect psychologique --- Altruism. --- Social groups -- Psychological aspects. --- Solidarity. --- Social Change --- Sociology & Social History --- Social Sciences --- 316.32 --- 316.64 --- Globale samenlevingsvormen --- Maatschappelijke attitudes --(sociale psychologie) --- 316.64 Maatschappelijke attitudes --(sociale psychologie) --- 316.32 Globale samenlevingsvormen --- Association --- Group dynamics --- Groups, Social --- Altruistic behavior --- Unselfishness --- Psychological aspects. --- Social sciences. --- Sociology. --- Personality. --- Social psychology. --- Social Sciences. --- Sociology, general. --- Personality and Social Psychology. --- Conduct of life --- Helping behavior --- Cooperation --- Mass psychology --- Psychology, Social --- Human ecology --- Psychology --- Sociology --- Personal identity --- Personality psychology --- Personality theory --- Personality traits --- Personology --- Traits, Personality --- Individuality --- Persons --- Self --- Temperament --- Social theory --- Social sciences --- Behavioral sciences --- Human sciences --- Sciences, Social --- Social science --- Social studies --- Civilization --- Consciousness. --- Apperception --- Mind and body --- Perception --- Philosophy --- Spirit

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New Directions in Cognitive Information Retrieval presents an exciting new direction for research into cognitive oriented information retrieval (IR) research, a direction based on an analysis of the user’s problem situation and cognitive behavior when using the IR system. This contrasts with the current dominant IR research paradigm which concentrates on improving IR system matching performance. The chapters describe the leading edge concepts and models of cognitive IR that explore the nexus between human cognition, information and the social conditions that drive humans to seek information using IR systems. Chapter topics include: Polyrepresentation, cognitive overlap and the boomerang effect, Multitasking while conducting the search, Knowledge Diagram Visualizations of the topic space to facilitate user assimilation of information, Task, relevance, selection state, knowledge need and knowledge behavior, search training built into the search, children’s collaboration for school projects, and other cognitive perspectives on IR concepts and issues.

Information retrieval. --- Information behavior. --- Cognitive styles. --- Human-computer interaction. --- Information storage and retrieval systems. --- Styles, Cognitive --- Cognition --- Intellect --- Personality and cognition --- Information-seeking behavior --- Human behavior --- Data retrieval --- Data storage --- Discovery, Information --- Information discovery --- Information storage and retrieval --- Retrieval of information --- Documentation --- Information science --- Information storage and retrieval systems --- Automatic data storage --- Automatic information retrieval --- Automation in documentation --- Computer-based information systems --- Data processing systems --- Data storage and retrieval systems --- Discovery systems, Information --- Information discovery systems --- Information processing systems --- Information retrieval systems --- Machine data storage and retrieval --- Mechanized information storage and retrieval systems --- Computer systems --- Electronic information resources --- Data libraries --- Digital libraries --- Information organization --- Information retrieval --- Computer-human interaction --- Human factors in computing systems --- Interaction, Human-computer --- Human engineering --- User-centered system design --- User interfaces (Computer systems) --- Comportement dans la recherche de l'information. --- Interaction homme-machine (Informatique). --- Recherche de l'information. --- Styles cognitifs. --- Systèmes d'information. --- Information Technology --- Computer Science (Hardware & Networks) --- Computer science. --- Human Geography. --- Library science. --- Social sciences. --- Consciousness. --- Computer Science, general. --- Library Science. --- Social Sciences, general. --- Personality and Social Psychology. --- Apperception --- Mind and body --- Perception --- Philosophy --- Psychology --- Spirit --- Self --- Behavioral sciences --- Human sciences --- Sciences, Social --- Social science --- Social studies --- Civilization --- Librarianship --- Library economy --- Bibliography --- Anthropo-geography --- Anthropogeography --- Geographical distribution of humans --- Social geography --- Anthropology --- Geography --- Human ecology --- Informatics --- Science --- Human geography. --- Personality. --- Social psychology. --- Personal identity --- Personality psychology --- Personality theory --- Personality traits --- Personology --- Traits, Personality --- Individuality --- Persons --- Temperament --- Mass psychology --- Psychology, Social --- Social groups --- Sociology