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Prenatal life is the period of maximal development in animals, and it is well recognised that factors that alter development can have profound effects on the embryonic, fetal and postnatal animal. Scientists involved in research on livestock productivity have for decades studied postnatal consequences of fetal development on productivity. Recently, however, there has been a surge in interest in how to manage prenatal development to enhance livestock health and productivity. This has occurred largely due to the studies that show human health in later life can be influenced by events during prenatal life, and establishment of the Fetal Origins and the Thrifty Phenotype Hypotheses. This book, Managing the Prenatal Environment to Enhance Livestock Productivity reviews phenotypic consequences of prenatal development, and provides details of mechanisms that underpin these effects in ruminants, pigs and poultry. The chapters have been divided into three parts: Quantification of prenatal effects on postnatal productivity, mechanistic bases of postnatal consequences of prenatal development and regulators of fetal and neonatal nutrient supply. Managing the Prenatal Environment to Enhance Livestock Productivity is a reference from which future research to improve the level of understanding and capacity to enhance productivity, health and efficiency of livestock in developing and developed countries will evolve. It is particularly timely given the development of molecular technologies that are providing new insight into regulation and consequences of growth and development of the embryo, fetus and neonate.

Physiology: reproduction & development. Ages of life --- Gynaecology. Obstetrics --- Veterinary medicine --- foetus --- vroedkunde --- Developing countries --- Animal genetics. --- Medicine. --- Life sciences. --- Animal Genetics and Genomics. --- Biomedicine, general. --- Life Sciences, general. --- Biosciences --- Sciences, Life --- Science --- Health Workforce --- Genetics --- Livestock --- Livestock productivity. --- Prenatal influences. --- Breeding.

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MEMS are rapidly moving from the research laboratory to the mar­ ketplace. Many market studies indicate not only a tremendous market potential of MEMS devices; year by year we see the actual market grow as the technology matures. In fact, these days, many large silicon foundries have a MEMS group exploring this promising technology, including such giants as INTEL and Motorola. Yet MEMS are fundamentally different from microelectronics. This means that companies with an established track record in these branches need to adapt their skills, whereas companies that want to enter the "miniaturization" market need to establish an entirely new set of capabil­ ities. The same can be said of engineers with classical training, who will also need to be educated toward their future professional activity in the MEMS field. Here are some questions that a company or technologist may ask: I have an existing product with miniaturization market poten­ tial. Which technology should I adopt? What are the manufacturing options available for miniaturiza­ tion? What are the qualitative differences? How do we maintainamarketleadforproductsbased onMEMS? Is there CAD support?Can we outsource manufacturing? Which skills in our current capability need only adaptation? What skills need to be added? Professors Jan Korvink and Oliver Paul have set out to answer these questions in a form that addresses the needs of companies, commercial practitioners, and technologists.

631.2 --- 637.1 --- 637.1 Dairying and dairy produce in general --- Dairying and dairy produce in general --- 631.2 Farm buildings, structures and installations. Buildings for livestock, produce, machinery and equipment --- Farm buildings, structures and installations. Buildings for livestock, produce, machinery and equipment --- Microwaves, RF and Optical Engineering. --- Micro-ondes --- Accelerometers. --- Engineering. --- Microwaves. --- Optical engineering. --- Electronics. --- Microelectronics. --- Optical materials. --- Electronic materials. --- Nanotechnology. --- Electronics and Microelectronics, Instrumentation. --- Optical and Electronic Materials. --- Molecular technology --- Nanoscale technology --- High technology --- Electronic materials --- Optics --- Materials --- Microminiature electronic equipment --- Microminiaturization (Electronics) --- Electronics --- Microtechnology --- Semiconductors --- Miniature electronic equipment --- Electrical engineering --- Physical sciences --- Mechanical engineering --- Hertzian waves --- Electric waves --- Electromagnetic waves --- Geomagnetic micropulsations --- Radio waves --- Shortwave radio --- Construction --- Industrial arts --- Technology --- Microelectromechanical systems.

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Animal welfare is attracting increasing interest worldwide, but particularly from those in developed countries, who now have the knowledge and resources to be able to offer the best management systems for their farm animals, as well as potentially being able to offer plentiful resources for companion, zoo and laboratory animals. The increased attention given to farm animal welfare in the West derives largely from the fact that the relentless pursuit of financial reward and efficiency has led to the development of intensive animal production systems, that challenge the conscience of many consumers in those countries. In developing countries human survival is still a daily uncertainty, so that provision for animal welfare has to be balanced against human welfare. Welfare is usually provided for only if it supports the output of the animal, be it food, work, clothing, sport or companionship. In reality, there are resources for all if they are properly husbanded in both developing and developed countries. The inequitable division of the world’s riches creates physical and psychological poverty for humans and animals alike in all sectors of the world. Livestock are the world’s biggest land user (FAO, 2002) and the population is increasing rapidly to meet the need of an expanding human population. Populations of farm animals managed by humans are therefore increasing worldwide, and there is the tendency to allocate fewer resources to each animal. Increased attention to welfare issues is just as evident for companion, laboratory, wild and zoo animals.

Horses. --- Animal welfare. --- Chevaux --- Animaux --- Protection --- Agriculture. --- Horses --- Animal welfare --- Recreation & Sports --- Zoology - General --- Zoology --- Social Sciences --- Health & Biological Sciences --- 633.5 --- Paarden (lt) --- Veterinary medicine --- Abuse of animals --- Animal cruelty --- Animals --- Animals, Cruelty to --- Animals, Protection of --- Animals, Treatment of --- Cruelty to animals --- Humane treatment of animals --- Kindness to animals --- Mistreatment of animals --- Neglect of animals --- Prevention of cruelty to animals --- Protection of animals --- Treatment of animals --- Welfare, Animal --- Equus caballus --- Farriery --- Hippology --- Horse --- Domestic animals --- Equus --- Livestock --- Pachyderms --- Hinnies --- Mules --- Abuse of --- Social aspects --- Zoology. --- Animal genetics. --- Animal physiology. --- Animal behavior. --- Animal Genetics and Genomics. --- Animal Physiology. --- Behavioral Sciences. --- Animals, Habits and behavior of --- Behavior, Animal --- Ethology --- Animal psychology --- Ethologists --- Psychology, Comparative --- Animal physiology --- Biology --- Anatomy --- Genetics --- Natural history --- Behavior --- Physiology --- Behavioral sciences.