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Modern business cycle theory and growth theory uses stochastic dynamic general equilibrium models. In order to solve these models, economists need to use many mathematical tools. This book presents various methods in order to compute the dynamics of general equilibrium models. In part I, the representative-agent stochastic growth model is solved with the help of value function iteration, linear and linear quadratic approximation methods, parameterised expectations and projection methods. In order to apply these methods, fundamentals from numerical analysis are reviewed in detail. In part II, the authors discuss methods in order to solve heterogeneous-agent economies. This part of the book also serves as an introduction to the modern theory of distribution economics. Applications include the dynamics of the income distribution over the business cycle or the demographic transition in a large-scale overlapping generations model. In an accompanying home page to this book, computer codes to all applications can be downloaded. "This is perhaps the perfect book to learn how to solve quantitative macroeconomics models. Its balance between theory, choice of models, computational insights and use of examples make it an excellent teaching tool. One of the very few books a professional macroeconomist should have: I always learn something important when I consult it." José-Víctor Ríos Rull, University of Minnesota "This book not only does an excellent job in explaining the existing tools, but it also teaches the reader on how to write her/his own programs and it provides the reader with the tools to help advance the state of the art of dynamic macroeconomics. " Wouter J. Den Haan, University of Amsterdam "This is an excellent book for economists who do quantitative research. It will be an invaluable teaching tool for graduate macroeconomic courses." Ayse Imrohoroglu, University of Southern California " ¦ provides the reader with exactly the necessary computational tools to solve the dynamic general equilibrium models macroeconomists care about. It is therefore the perfect complement to Stokey, Lucas and Prescott's and Sargent and Ljungqvist's theoretical treatment of modern macroeconomics." Dirk Krueger, University of Pennsylvania

Equilibrium (Economics) --- Economics, Mathematical --- Endogenous growth (Economics) --- Macroeconomics --- Mathematical models --- -Business cycles --- -339.5 --- Economic cycles --- Economic fluctuations --- Cycles --- Financial crises --- Equilibrium (Economics) - Mathematical models

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Rich nations are mainly responsible for global greenhouse gas emissions, and they are financially and institutionally better placed to adapt to the impacts of global climate change. Developing countries, though, must face issues such as severe droughts, floods, and other environmental changes associated with the Earth's warming, with far fewer resources to adapt at their disposal. This volume examines the way climate change is affecting the lives and environments of the poor. It provides a global picture of these impacts as well as finer detail on specific regions. The result of a major research project co-funded by various scientific and development organisations, it combines scientific results about the causes, consequences, and economics of climate change with ethical implications for development policy and sustainability. Analysing and synthesising vast data sets from a multitude of disciplines including climate science, economics, hydrology and agricultural research, it seeks new methods of combining climate change mitigation, adaptation, development, and poverty reduction in ways that are effective, efficient and equitable. A guiding principle of the project is that new alliances of state and non-state sector partners are urgently required to establish cooperative responses to the threats posed by climate change. This volume offers a vital policy framework for linking our response to this change with progressive principles of global justice and sustainable development.

Philosophy --- Economics --- Meteorology. Climatology --- Environmental protection. Environmental technology --- duurzaamheid --- economie --- filosofie --- duurzame ontwikkeling --- milieubeheer --- klimaatverandering --- Climatic changes --- Economic aspects --- Government policy --- Changes, Climatic --- Changes in climate --- Climate change --- Climate change science --- Climate changes --- Climate variations --- Climatic change --- Climatic fluctuations --- Climatic variations --- Global climate changes --- Global climatic changes --- Climatology --- Climate change mitigation --- Teleconnections (Climatology) --- Environmental aspects --- Global environmental change --- Climatic changes - Economic aspects --- Climatic changes - Government policy

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The book presents a wealth of material about the polar oceans, more specifically the ice-covered areas and peripheral seas. It provides a detailed history of the changing climate of the polar oceans as observed by satellite sensors in the last three decades. The satellite research data show spatial distributions of surface temperature, sea ice, albedo, chlorophyll concentration, clouds, ocean color and sea level pressure. The book discusses remote sensing techniques and algorithms used to transform digital data to geophysical parameters, to process and analyze the data, the limitations of these data and the enormous potential in the use of this data. The main goal of the book is the presentation of results from studies of the time evolution of polar surfaces as observed by satellite sensors and their relevance to the study of cryospheric and ocean processes and climate change. The book contains about 150 satellite images of surface parameters which reveal that from month to month and from one year to another the Earth is changing. Although the historical record of about three decades of continuous satellite observation is relatively short, these measurements have provided useful insights into the current state of the polar environment and have served as a powerful tool for studying the processes that govern the Earth’s climate system. The advent of even more sophisticated technology, including international ventures like the Global Earth Observation System of all Systems (GEOSS), will speed the progress. The advances in understanding of the Earth’s climate engine, including the crucial role played by the polar oceans, have been tremendous, and people look forward to being able to forecast effectively the state of the planet in the immediate and foreseeable future.

Earth Sciences. --- Oceanography. --- Meteorology/Climatology. --- Climate Change. --- Geography. --- Meteorology. --- Climatic changes. --- Géographie --- Météorologie --- Océanographie --- Climat --- Changements --- Oceanography --- Artificial satellites in oceanography --- Remote sensing --- Polar regions --- Artificial satellites in oceanography. --- Polar regions. --- Remote sensing. --- Atmospheric Sciences. --- Climate Change/Climate Change Impacts. --- Changes, Climatic --- Changes in climate --- Climate change --- Climate change science --- Climate changes --- Climate variations --- Climatic change --- Climatic changes --- Climatic fluctuations --- Climatic variations --- Global climate changes --- Global climatic changes --- Climatology --- Climate change mitigation --- Teleconnections (Climatology) --- Oceanography, Physical --- Oceanology --- Physical oceanography --- Thalassography --- Earth sciences --- Marine sciences --- Ocean --- Environmental aspects --- Rewriting systems (Computer science) --- Congresses --- Atmospheric sciences. --- Climate change. --- Atmospheric sciences --- Atmosphere --- Cold regions --- Global environmental change --- Oceanography - Remote sensing

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The book Plants and Climate Change focuses on how climate affects or affected the biosphere and vice versa both in the present and past. The chapters describe how ecosystems from the Antarctic and arctic and from other latitudes respond to global climate change. The book covers papers highlighting plant responses to atmospheric CO2 increase, to global warming and to increased ultraviolet-B radiation as a result of stratospheric ozone depletion. Depending on how and how well plant responses to increased temperature, atmospheric CO2 and ultraviolet-B have been preserved in the (sub)-fossil record, past climates and past atmospheric chemistry may be reconstructed. Pollen and tree-ring data reflect plant species composition and variation of temperature and precipitation over long or shorter time intervals. In addition to well preserved morphological and chemical plant properties, new analytical techniques such as stable isotopes are becoming increasingly important in this respect. The development and validation of such biotic climate and environment proxies build a bridge between biological and geological research. This highlights that plant-climate change research is becoming a multi- and transdisciplinary field of relevant research. Reprinted from Plant Ecology, 182:1-2 (2006).

General ecology and biosociology --- Pedology --- ecologie --- Plant physiology. Plant biophysics --- systematische plantkunde --- meteorologie --- klimaatveranderingen --- Meteorology. Climatology --- klimatologie --- Plants --- Climate --- Ecology --- Plant ecology --- Growth (Plants) --- Climatic changes --- Croissance (Plantes) --- Climat --- Congresses --- Congrès --- Changements --- Klimaatverandering --- Planten --- Life sciences. --- Climate change. --- Atmospheric sciences. --- Ecology. --- Plant ecology. --- Plant science. --- Botany. --- Life Sciences. --- Plant Ecology. --- Atmospheric Sciences. --- Climate Change/Climate Change Impacts. --- Terrestial Ecology. --- Plant Sciences. --- Plant growth --- Growth --- Plant physiology --- Meristems --- Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria --- Rejuvenescence (Botany) --- Development --- Klimaatverandering. --- Planten. --- Botanical science --- Phytobiology --- Phytography --- Phytology --- Plant biology --- Plant science --- Biology --- Natural history --- Balance of nature --- Bionomics --- Ecological processes --- Ecological science --- Ecological sciences --- Environment --- Environmental biology --- Oecology --- Environmental sciences --- Population biology --- Botany --- Phytoecology --- Vegetation ecology --- Ecology . --- Changes, Climatic --- Changes in climate --- Climate change --- Climate change science --- Climate changes --- Climate variations --- Climatic change --- Climatic fluctuations --- Climatic variations --- Global climate changes --- Global climatic changes --- Climatology --- Climate change mitigation --- Teleconnections (Climatology) --- Atmospheric sciences --- Earth sciences --- Atmosphere --- Environmental aspects --- Floristic botany --- Floristic ecology --- Global environmental change

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The Sun is an account of the many ways in which our nearest star affects our planet, how its influence has changed over the last few centuries and millennia, and the extent to which we can predict its future impact. The Sun's rays foster the formation of Vitamin D by our bodies, but it can also promote skin cancer, cataracts, and mutations in our DNA. Besides providing the warmth and light essential to most animal and plant life, solar energy contributes substantially to global warming. Although the charged particles of the solar wind shield us from harmful cosmic rays, solar storms may damage artificial satellites and cripple communication systems and computer networks. The Sun is the ideal renewable energy source, but its exploitation is still bedevilled by the problems of storage and distribution. Our nearest star, in short, is a complex machine which needs to be treated with caution, and this book will equip every reader with the knowledge that is required to understand the benefits and dangers it can bring.

Physics. --- Astronomy, Observations and Techniques. --- Astrophysics and Astroparticles. --- Geophysics/Geodesy. --- Climate Change. --- Meteorology/Climatology. --- Physical geography. --- Meteorology. --- Climatic changes. --- Physique --- Géographie physique --- Météorologie --- Climat --- Changements --- Solar energy. --- Solar radiation --Physiological effect. --- Sun. --- Solar radiation --- Solar energy --- Astronomy & Astrophysics --- Physical Sciences & Mathematics --- Astronomy - General --- Astrophysics --- Physiological effect --- Physiological effect. --- Solar power --- Sunshine --- Geophysics. --- Atmospheric sciences. --- Observations, Astronomical. --- Astronomy --- Astrophysics. --- Climate change. --- Atmospheric Sciences. --- Observations. --- Solar system --- Force and energy --- Renewable energy sources --- Medical climatology --- Changes, Climatic --- Changes in climate --- Climate change --- Climate change science --- Climate changes --- Climate variations --- Climatic change --- Climatic changes --- Climatic fluctuations --- Climatic variations --- Global climate changes --- Global climatic changes --- Climatology --- Climate change mitigation --- Teleconnections (Climatology) --- Geography --- Environmental aspects --- Astronomy—Observations. --- Atmospheric sciences --- Earth sciences --- Atmosphere --- Geological physics --- Terrestrial physics --- Physics --- Astronomical physics --- Cosmic physics --- Astronomical observations --- Observations, Astronomical --- Global environmental change