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Bomen steden --- 630*245 --- Wortelstelsel --- Tending of trees. Pruning and brashing. Tree surgery --- 630*245 Tending of trees. Pruning and brashing. Tree surgery --- Bomen ; steden --- 635.055 --- 630*11 --- Boomverzorging --- Snoeien --- 630*11 Site factors. Climate, situation, soil in forestry. Forest hydrology and meteorology --- Site factors. Climate, situation, soil in forestry. Forest hydrology and meteorology --- 635.055 Trees (woody plants with trunks) --- Trees (woody plants with trunks) --- Nature protection --- Plant husbandry

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"The initial employment of tree rings in natural hazard studies was simply as a dating tool and rarely exploited other environmental information and records of damage contained within the tree. However, these unique, annually resolved, tree-ring records preserve valuable archives of past earth-surface processes on timescales of decades to centuries. As many of these processes are significant natural hazards, understanding their distribution, timing and controls provides valuable information that can assist in the prediction, mitigation and defence against these hazards and their effects on society. Tree Rings and Natural Hazards provides many illustrations of these themes, demonstrating the application of tree rings to studies of snow avalanches, rockfalls, landslides, floods, earthquakes, wildfires and several other processes. Several of the chapters are 'classic studies', others represent recent applications using previously unpublished material. They illustrate the breadth and diverse applications of contemporary dendrogeomorphology and underline the growing potential to expand such studies, possibly leading to the establishment of a range of techniques and approaches that may become standard practice in the analysis of natural hazards in the future."--

Tree-rings --- Trees --- Environmental geomorphology --- Natural disasters --- Ecological disturbances --- Dendrochronology. --- Natural disasters. --- Environmental sampling --- Trees. --- Forest ecology --- Arbres --- Géomorphologie de l'environnement --- Catastrophes naturelles --- Perturbations écologiques --- Dendrochronologie --- Echantillonnage (Ecologie) --- Ecologie forestière --- Ecology --- Research --- Environmental aspects --- Cernes --- Ecologie --- Recherche --- Aspect de l'environnement --- Géomorphologie de l'environnement --- Perturbations écologiques --- Ecologie forestière --- EPUB-LIV-FT LIVECOLO LIVTERRE SPRINGER-B --- Forest ecology.

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The Vehicle Routing Problem (VRP) has been an especially active and fertile area of research. Over the past five to seven years, there have been numerous technological advances and exciting challenges that are of considerable interest to students, teachers, and researchers. The Vehicle Routing Problem: Latest Advances and New Challenges will focus on a host of significant technical advances that have evolved over the past few years for modeling and solving vehicle routing problems and variants. New approaches for solving VRPs have been developed from important methodological advances. These developments have resulted in faster solution algorithms, more accurate techniques, and an improvement in the ability to solve large-scale, complex problems. The book will systematically examine these recent developments in the VRP and provide the following in a unified and carefully developed presentation: Present novel problems that have arisen in the vehicle routing domain and highlight new challenges for the field; Present significant methodological advances or new approaches for solving existing vehicle routing problems; Summarize the most significant research results for the vehicle routing problem and its variants from 2000 to the present. .

Vehicle routing problem. --- Transportation problems (Programming) --- Delivery of goods --- Mathematical models. --- Store delivery services --- Transportation --- Parcel post --- Shipment of goods --- VRP (Vehicle routing problem) --- Combinatorial optimization --- Traveling salesman problem --- Transport problems (Programming) --- Linear programming --- Road traffic --- Operational research. Game theory --- 519.8 --- 681.3*G22 --- 519.8 Operational research --- Operational research --- 681.3*G22 Graph theory: graph algorithms; network problems; path and tree problems; trees--See also {681.3*F22} --- Graph theory: graph algorithms; network problems; path and tree problems; trees--See also {681.3*F22} --- Operations research. --- Engineering mathematics. --- Mathematics. --- Engineering economy. --- Production management. --- Operations Research/Decision Theory. --- Mathematical and Computational Engineering. --- Applications of Mathematics. --- Operations Research, Management Science. --- Engineering Economics, Organization, Logistics, Marketing. --- Operations Management. --- Manufacturing management --- Industrial management --- Economy, Engineering --- Engineering economics --- Industrial engineering --- Math --- Science --- Engineering --- Engineering analysis --- Mathematical analysis --- Operational analysis --- Management science --- Research --- System theory --- Mathematics --- Decision making. --- Applied mathematics. --- Management science. --- Engineering economics. --- Quantitative business analysis --- Management --- Problem solving --- Operations research --- Statistical decision --- Deciding --- Decision (Psychology) --- Decision analysis --- Decision processes --- Making decisions --- Management decisions --- Choice (Psychology) --- Decision making --- Engineering—Data processing. --- Industrial Management. --- Operations Research and Decision Theory. --- Mathematical and Computational Engineering Applications. --- Operations Research, Management Science . --- Business administration --- Business enterprises --- Business management --- Corporate management --- Corporations --- Industrial administration --- Management, Industrial --- Rationalization of industry --- Scientific management --- Business --- Industrial organization

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One of the central research themes in ecology is evaluating the extent to which biological richness is necessary to sustain the Earth's system and the functioning of individual ecosystems. In this volume, for the first time, the relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem processes in forests is thoroughly explored. The text examines the multiple effects of tree diversity on productivity and growth, biogeochemical cycles, animals, pests, and disturbances. Further, the importance of diversity at different scales, ranging from stand management to global issues, is considered. The authors provide both extensive reviews of the existing literature and own datasets. The volume is ideally suited for researchers and practitioners involved in ecosystem management and the sustainable use of forest resources.

Forest biodiversity --- Forest ecology --- Taiga ecology --- Biodiversité forestière --- Ecologie forestière --- Ecologie des taïgas --- Congresses --- Congrès --- EPUB-LIV-FT LIVBIOLO SPRINGER-B --- Plant Ecology. --- Biodiversity. --- Forests and forestry. --- Endangered ecosystems. --- Ecology. --- Forestry. --- Ecosystems. --- Geoecology/Natural Processes. --- Biogeosciences. --- Balance of nature --- Biology --- Bionomics --- Ecological processes --- Ecological science --- Ecological sciences --- Environment --- Environmental biology --- Oecology --- Environmental sciences --- Population biology --- Threatened ecosystems --- Biotic communities --- Nature conservation --- Forest land --- Forest lands --- Forest planting --- Forest production --- Forest sciences --- Forestation --- Forested lands --- Forestland --- Forestlands --- Forestry --- Forestry industry --- Forestry sciences --- Land, Forest --- Lands, Forest --- Silviculture --- Sylviculture --- Woodlands --- Woods (Forests) --- Agriculture --- Natural resources --- Afforestation --- Arboriculture --- Logging --- Timber --- Tree crops --- Trees --- Biological diversification --- Biological diversity --- Biotic diversity --- Diversification, Biological --- Diversity, Biological --- Biocomplexity --- Ecological heterogeneity --- Numbers of species --- Botany --- Plants --- Ecology --- Phytoecology --- Vegetation ecology --- Plant ecology. --- Geoecology. --- Environmental geology. --- Geobiology. --- Earth sciences --- Biosphere --- Geoecology --- Environmental protection --- Physical geology --- Biocenoses --- Biocoenoses --- Biogeoecology --- Biological communities --- Biomes --- Biotic community ecology --- Communities, Biotic --- Community ecology, Biotic --- Ecological communities --- Ecosystems --- Natural communities --- Floristic ecology

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Probabilistic graphical models and decision graphs are powerful modeling tools for reasoning and decision making under uncertainty. As modeling languages they allow a natural specification of problem domains with inherent uncertainty, and from a computational perspective they support efficient algorithms for automatic construction and query answering. This includes belief updating, finding the most probable explanation for the observed evidence, detecting conflicts in the evidence entered into the network, determining optimal strategies, analyzing for relevance, and performing sensitivity analysis. The book introduces probabilistic graphical models and decision graphs, including Bayesian networks and influence diagrams. The reader is introduced to the two types of frameworks through examples and exercises, which also instruct the reader on how to build these models. The book is a new edition of Bayesian Networks and Decision Graphs by Finn V. Jensen. The new edition is structured into two parts. The first part focuses on probabilistic graphical models. Compared with the previous book, the new edition also includes a thorough description of recent extensions to the Bayesian network modeling language, advances in exact and approximate belief updating algorithms, and methods for learning both the structure and the parameters of a Bayesian network. The second part deals with decision graphs, and in addition to the frameworks described in the previous edition, it also introduces Markov decision processes and partially ordered decision problems. The authors also provide a well-founded practical introduction to Bayesian networks, object-oriented Bayesian networks, decision trees, influence diagrams (and variants hereof), and Markov decision processes. give practical advice on the construction of Bayesian networks, decision trees, and influence diagrams from domain knowledge. < give several examples and exercises exploiting computer systems for dealing with Bayesian networks and decision graphs. present a thorough introduction to state-of-the-art solution and analysis algorithms. The book is intended as a textbook, but it can also be used for self-study and as a reference book. Finn V. Jensen is a professor at the department of computer science at Aalborg University, Denmark. Thomas D. Nielsen is an associate professor at the same department.

Mathematical statistics --- Computer Science. --- Probability and Statistics in Computer Science. --- Artificial Intelligence (incl. Robotics). --- Statistics for Engineering, Physics, Computer Science, Chemistry & Geosciences. --- Computer science. --- Artificial intelligence. --- Statistics. --- Informatique --- Intelligence artificielle --- Statistique --- Bayesian statistical decision theory --- Machine Learning --- Neural networks (Computer science) --- Decision Making --- Data processing --- Bayesian statistical decision theory -- Data processing. --- Decision making. --- Electronic books. -- local. --- Machine learning. --- Neural networks (Computer science). --- Mathematics --- Physical Sciences & Mathematics --- Mathematical Statistics --- Machine learning --- Decision making --- Data processing. --- Artificial neural networks --- Nets, Neural (Computer science) --- Networks, Neural (Computer science) --- Neural nets (Computer science) --- Learning, Machine --- Deciding --- Decision (Psychology) --- Decision analysis --- Decision processes --- Making decisions --- Management --- Management decisions --- Bayes' solution --- Bayesian analysis --- Problem solving, control methods and search: backtracking; dynamic program- ming; graph and tree search strategies; heuristics; plan execution, formationand generation (Artificial intelligence)--See also {681.3*F22} --- 681.3*I28 Problem solving, control methods and search: backtracking; dynamic program- ming; graph and tree search strategies; heuristics; plan execution, formationand generation (Artificial intelligence)--See also {681.3*F22} --- Statistique bayésienne --- Life sciences. --- Mathematical statistics. --- Plant science. --- Botany. --- Probabilities. --- Life Sciences. --- Plant Sciences. --- Probability Theory and Stochastic Processes. --- Statistics for Engineering, Physics, Computer Science, Chemistry and Earth Sciences. --- 519.2 --- 681.3*I28 --- Artificial intelligence --- Natural computation --- Soft computing --- Machine theory --- Choice (Psychology) --- Problem solving --- Statistical decision --- 519.2 Probability. Mathematical statistics --- Probability. Mathematical statistics --- Statistical analysis --- Statistical data --- Statistical methods --- Statistical science --- Econometrics --- Probability --- Statistical inference --- Combinations --- Chance --- Least squares --- Risk --- Botanical science --- Phytobiology --- Phytography --- Phytology --- Plant biology --- Plant science --- Biology --- Natural history --- Plants --- AI (Artificial intelligence) --- Artificial thinking --- Electronic brains --- Intellectronics --- Intelligence, Artificial --- Intelligent machines --- Machine intelligence --- Thinking, Artificial --- Bionics --- Cognitive science --- Digital computer simulation --- Electronic data processing --- Logic machines --- Self-organizing systems --- Simulation methods --- Fifth generation computers --- Neural computers --- Statistics, Mathematical --- Statistics --- Probabilities --- Sampling (Statistics) --- Biosciences --- Sciences, Life --- Science --- Apprentissage automatique --- Réseaux neuronaux (Informatique) --- Prise de décision --- Distribution (Probability theory. --- Artificial Intelligence. --- Informatics --- Distribution functions --- Frequency distribution --- Characteristic functions --- Prise de décision. --- Apprentissage automatique. --- Informatique. --- Statistics . --- Floristic botany --- Bayesian statistical decision theory - Data processing