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In spite of the economic role of oil, Venezuela has started developing hydroelectricity since the 1950s. At present, the country is trying to introduce additional renewable energy sources (RES) but still has to overcome a series of hurdles in order to deploy them. Unlike other developing countries, oil countries such as Venezuela do not lack financial means and sometimes show a tendency to solve problems by using money when other approaches could be more helpful. The main goal of this qualitative, comparative policy analysis is to find out whether the availability of oil revenues restraints or favors the adoption of RES. Based on the rentier state theory, Germán Massabié examines the reasons why Petro states try to dispose of their natural wealth to take advantage of non-conventional energy sources. He analyses and interprets primary and secondary data collected in Germany and in Venezuela and draws on interviews with Venezuelan experts, policy makers, and key actors. The study allows a look beyond laws, development programs, and official statements.

Social Sciences, general. --- Political Science. --- Political science. --- Science politique --- Electric power production -- Venezuela. --- Energy industries -- Venezuela. --- Energy policy -- Venezuela. --- Petroleum industry and trade -- Venezuela. --- Renewable energy sources -- Venezuela. --- Sustainable development -- Venezuela. --- Political Science --- Mechanical Engineering --- Engineering & Applied Sciences --- Law, Politics & Government --- Mechanical Engineering - General --- Political Science - General --- Renewable energy sources --- Electric power --- Electric power supply --- Power supply, Electric --- Alternate energy sources --- Alternative energy sources --- Energy sources, Renewable --- Sustainable energy sources --- Political Science and International Relations. --- Power resources --- Renewable natural resources --- Agriculture and energy --- Administration --- Civil government --- Commonwealth, The --- Government --- Political theory --- Political thought --- Politics --- Science, Political --- Social sciences --- State, The

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Proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells, including H2/O2 (air) and methanol/O2 (air) fuel cells, are promising clean energy converting devices with high efficiency and low to zero emissions. Such power sources can be used in transportation, stationary, portable, and micro power applications. The key components of these fuel cells are catalysts and catalyst layers. PEM Fuel Cell Electrocatalysts and Catalyst Layers covers all of the fundamental aspects and applications of this field. The opening chapters introduce the essential topics on electrochemical theory and fuel cell catalysis, including: electrode thermodynamics, kinetics, and mass transfer; electrode/electrolyte interface electrocatalysis; electrocatalytic reactions, including O2 reduction and H2/CH3OH oxidations; quantum chemistry simulations of catalyst activity; catalyst contamination; spectroscopic methods for catalysis research; porous gas electrode theory; and catalyst layers and modeling. Later chapters investigate the synthesis, characterization, and activity validation of PEM fuel cell catalysts. All fuel cell related catalysts are reviewed, including noble and non-noble catalysts and their preparation/performance. Further chapters describe in detail the integration of the electrocatalyst/catalyst layers into the fuel cell, and their performance validation, including: catalyst layer structure function and optimization, catalyst degradation and diagnosis, and strategies to mitigate the failure modes. PEM Fuel Cell Electrocatalysts and Catalyst Layers provides a comprehensive, in-depth survey of PEM fuel cell electrocatalysts and catalyst layers, presented by internationally renowned fuel cell scientists. Researchers and engineers in the fuel cell industry will find this book a valuable resource, as will students of electrochemical engineering and catalyst synthesis.

materiaalkennis --- stroomverdeling --- energie-economie --- katalyse --- biotechnologie --- biochemie --- stroomvoorziening --- Electricity --- hernieuwbare energie --- Electrochemistry --- Enzymology --- Engineering sciences. Technology --- fysicochemie --- Materials sciences --- ingenieurswetenschappen --- elektrochemie --- BIT (biochemische ingenieurstechnieken) --- Chemical thermodynamics --- Biotechnology --- Relation between energy and economics --- Proton exchange membrane fuel cells --- Electrocatalysis. --- Catalysts. --- Piles à combustible à membrane échangeuse de protons --- Electrocatalyse --- Catalyseurs --- EPUB-LIV-FT LIVINGEN SPRINGER-B --- Electrocatalysis --- Catalysts --- Production of electric energy or. --- Chemistry. --- Catalysis. --- Materials. --- Chemical engineering. --- Renewable energy sources. --- Power Electronics, Electrical Machines and Networks. --- Electrochemistry. --- Materials Science, general. --- Industrial Chemistry/Chemical Engineering. --- Renewable and Green Energy. --- Alternate energy sources --- Alternative energy sources --- Energy sources, Renewable --- Sustainable energy sources --- Power resources --- Renewable natural resources --- Agriculture and energy --- Chemistry, Industrial --- Engineering, Chemical --- Industrial chemistry --- Engineering --- Chemistry, Technical --- Metallurgy --- Engineering materials --- Industrial materials --- Engineering design --- Manufacturing processes --- Activation (Chemistry) --- Chemistry, Physical and theoretical --- Surface chemistry --- Physical sciences --- Materials --- Power electronics. --- Materials science. --- Renewable energy resources. --- Material science --- Electronics, Power --- Electric power --- Electronics --- Proton exchange membrane fuel cells.

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This book presents the physical and technical principles of promising ways of utilising renewable energies. In this context, firstly the main characteristics of the available renewable energy streams are outlined. Subsequently, the book presents the technologies of heat provision from passive and active solar systems, ambient air, shallow geothermal energy as well as energy from deep geothermal sources. In the preceding chapters the book addresses the processes of electricity generation from solar radiation (photovoltaic and solar thermal power plant technologies), wind energy, and hydropower. In addition, a brief discussions of harnessing ocean energies is included. The authors provide the important data and parameter sets for the major possibilities of renewable energies utilization which allow an economic and environmental assessment. Such an assessment enables us to judge the chances and limits of the multiple options utilising renewable energy sources.

Applied physical engineering --- Environmental protection. Environmental technology --- hernieuwbare energie --- energie-economie --- technologiebeleid --- Economic policy and planning (general) --- vervuiling --- Thermodynamics --- thermodynamica --- Relation between energy and economics --- Renewable energy sources. --- Energies renouvelables --- EPUB-LIV-FT LIVINGEN SPRINGER-B --- Thermodynamics. --- Engineering. --- Environmental pollution. --- Economic policy. --- Renewable and Green Energy. --- Engineering Thermodynamics, Heat and Mass Transfer. --- Industrial Pollution Prevention. --- R & D/Technology Policy. --- Alternate energy sources --- Alternative energy sources --- Energy sources, Renewable --- Sustainable energy sources --- Power resources --- Renewable natural resources --- Agriculture and energy --- Economic nationalism --- Economic planning --- National planning --- State planning --- Economics --- Planning --- National security --- Social policy --- Chemical pollution --- Chemicals --- Contamination of environment --- Environmental pollution --- Pollution --- Contamination (Technology) --- Asbestos abatement --- Bioremediation --- Environmental engineering --- Environmental quality --- Factory and trade waste --- Hazardous waste site remediation --- Hazardous wastes --- In situ remediation --- Lead abatement --- Pollutants --- Refuse and refuse disposal --- Construction --- Industrial arts --- Technology --- Chemistry, Physical and theoretical --- Dynamics --- Mechanics --- Physics --- Heat --- Heat-engines --- Quantum theory --- Environmental aspects --- Renewable energy resources. --- Heat engineering. --- Heat transfer. --- Mass transfer. --- Pollution prevention. --- Prevention of pollution --- Environmental protection --- Mass transport (Physics) --- Transport theory --- Heat transfer --- Thermal transfer --- Transmission of heat --- Energy transfer --- Mechanical engineering --- Control --- Prevention and control --- Renewable energy sources --- 620.97 --- 620.97 Utilization of other energy sources. Residual energy. Energy recuperation, regeneration --- Utilization of other energy sources. Residual energy. Energy recuperation, regeneration --- Transmission.

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An up-to-date text on climate change focussing on technical solutions for the most important and climate relevant economic sectors is presented. It is intended for key decision makers, and administrators within industry, agricultural and energy sectors, as well as masters students and post graduates. The first of three sections covers the scientific basis of climate change and the instruments to prevent or reduce negative climate effects. It includes a survey covering current practices at different levels. The second discusses evaluation methods for climate impacts from industrial processes. Climate relevant processes and measures to reduce their impact such as sequestration are defined in the final section, with the main focus being on renewable resources. Details are given on climate impacts of waste prevention, recycling and waste management as well as are proposals for every day solutions.

Environment. --- Climate Change. --- Environmental Management. --- Waste Water Technology / Water Pollution Control / Water Management / Aquatic Pollution. --- Operating Procedures, Materials Treatment. --- Renewable and Green Energy. --- Environmental Economics. --- Environmental sciences. --- Structural control (Engineering). --- Renewable energy sources. --- Climatic changes. --- Environmental management. --- Environmental pollution. --- Environmental economics. --- Sciences de l'environnement --- Contrôle des structures (Ingénierie) --- Energies renouvelables --- Climat --- Environnement --- Economie de l'environnement --- Changements --- Gestion --- Climatic changes --- Greenhouse gas mitigation --- Technological innovations --- Environmental aspects --- Climatic changes --Environmental aspects. --- Greenhouse gas mitigation --Technological innovations. --- Technological innovations --Environmental aspects. --- Earth & Environmental Sciences --- Meteorology & Climatology --- Environmental aspects. --- Technological innovations. --- Changes, Climatic --- Climate change --- Climate changes --- Climate variations --- Climatic change --- Climatic fluctuations --- Climatic variations --- Global climate changes --- Global climatic changes --- Abatement of greenhouse gas emissions --- Emission reduction, Greenhouse gas --- Emissions reduction, Greenhouse gas --- GHG mitigation --- Greenhouse gas abatement --- Greenhouse gas emission reduction --- Greenhouse gas emissions reduction --- Greenhouse gas reduction --- Mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions --- Reduction of greenhouse gas emissions --- Earth sciences. --- Renewable energy resources. --- Climate change. --- Atmospheric sciences. --- Industrial engineering. --- Alternate energy sources. --- Green energy industries. --- Water pollution. --- Earth Sciences. --- Atmospheric Sciences. --- Climate Change Management and Policy. --- Pollution prevention --- Climatology --- Climate change mitigation --- Teleconnections (Climatology) --- Changes in climate --- Climate change science --- Manufactures. --- Manufacturing, Machines, Tools, Processes. --- Alternate energy sources --- Alternative energy sources --- Energy sources, Renewable --- Sustainable energy sources --- Power resources --- Renewable natural resources --- Agriculture and energy --- Manufactured goods --- Manufactured products --- Products --- Products, Manufactured --- Commercial products --- Manufacturing industries --- Chemical pollution --- Chemicals --- Contamination of environment --- Environmental pollution --- Pollution --- Contamination (Technology) --- Asbestos abatement --- Bioremediation --- Environmental engineering --- Environmental quality --- Factory and trade waste --- Hazardous waste site remediation --- Hazardous wastes --- In situ remediation --- Lead abatement --- Pollutants --- Refuse and refuse disposal --- Aquatic pollution --- Fresh water --- Fresh water pollution --- Freshwater pollution --- Inland water pollution --- Lake pollution --- Lakes --- Reservoirs --- River pollution --- Rivers --- Stream pollution --- Water contamination --- Water pollutants --- Water pollution --- Waste disposal in rivers, lakes, etc. --- Atmospheric sciences --- Earth sciences --- Atmosphere --- Global environmental change --- Climatic changes - Environmental aspects --- Greenhouse gas mitigation - Technological innovations --- Technological innovations - Environmental aspects