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All living organisms are in a constant battle against their environment. Since uncontained microorganisms would simply overgrow all higher animals, the evolution of multicellular organisms required adequate and efficient defense mechanisms to protect their own integrity and to ensure their own survival. These defense mechanisms, encompassing receptor proteins that sense the presence of pathogens and effector molecules that are involved in controlling them, are the elemental parts of the innate immune system. For many species, the innate immune system is the sole active defense system. Long thought to be an unspecific immune response, the discovery of the Toll-like receptors and their ligands finally revealed just how specific the innate immune response actually is. This book wants to give an overview of our current knowledge about the innate immune system of plants, animals and humans. It not only covers the innate immune mechanisms and responses of so diverse organisms such as plants, Cnidaria, Drosophila, urochordates and zebrafish, but also the major receptor systems in mammalians and humans as well as the central defense mechanisms, antimicrobial peptides and the complement system.

Immunity. --- Natural immunity. --- Disease resistance --- Host resistance --- Innate immunity --- Innate resistance --- Native immunity --- Natural resistance --- Nonspecific immunity --- Resistance to disease --- Immunity --- Immunology --- Immune System. --- Immunity, Cellular. --- Immunity, Innate. --- Immunity, Natural. --- Cytology. --- Immunology. --- Biochemistry. --- Developmental biology. --- Cell Biology. --- Biochemistry, general. --- Developmental Biology. --- Development (Biology) --- Biology --- Growth --- Ontogeny --- Biological chemistry --- Chemical composition of organisms --- Organisms --- Physiological chemistry --- Chemistry --- Medical sciences --- Immunobiology --- Life sciences --- Serology --- Cell biology --- Cellular biology --- Cells --- Cytologists --- Composition --- Cell biology. --- Invertebrates --- Plants --- Mammals --- immunology

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This book describes antibiotic resistance amongst pathogenic bacteria. It starts with an overview of the erosion of the efficacy of antibiotics by resistance and the decrease in the rate of replacement of redundant compounds. The origins of antibiotic resistance are then described. It is proposed that there is a large bacterial resistome which is a collection of all resistance genes and their precursors in both pathogenic and non-pathogenic bacteria. Ongoing resistance surveillance programs are also discussed, together with the perspective of a clinical microbiologist. The book then turns to specific themes such as the most serious area of resistance in pathogens, namely in Gram-negative organisms. The role of combinations of antibiotics in combating resistance emergence is discussed, particularly in the tuberculosis field, and then the importance of non-multiplying and persistent bacteria which are phenotypically resistant to antibiotics and prolong the duration of therapy of antibiotics which leads to poor compliance and resistance emergence. The role of anti-microbial compounds in textiles is covered, with its potential to exacerbate the spread of resistance. Then, efflux pumps are discussed. The final chapter describes the compounds which are in late stage clinical development, illustrating the paucity of the antibiotic pipeline, especially for Gram-negative bacteria.

Biomedicine. --- Pharmacology/Toxicology. --- Drug Resistance. --- Medical Microbiology. --- Medicine. --- Microbiology. --- Drug interactions. --- Toxicology. --- Médecine --- Microbiologie --- Médicaments --- Toxicologie --- Interaction --- Antibiotics. --- Drug resistance in microorganisms. --- Drug Resistance, Microbial -- immunology. --- Immunity, Innate. --- Drug resistance in microorganisms --- Natural immunity --- Microbiological Phenomena --- Drug Resistance --- Investigative Techniques --- Anti-Infective Agents --- Chemistry, Pharmaceutical --- Therapeutic Uses --- Pharmacological Phenomena --- Chemistry --- Pharmacology --- Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment --- Phenomena and Processes --- Physiological Phenomena --- Pharmacologic Actions --- Natural Science Disciplines --- Biological Science Disciplines --- Chemical Actions and Uses --- Disciplines and Occupations --- Chemicals and Drugs --- Drug Discovery --- Drug Resistance, Microbial --- Anti-Bacterial Agents --- Biology --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Microbiology & Immunology --- Pharmacy, Therapeutics, & Pharmacology --- Immunology --- Natural immunity. --- Immunology. --- Disease resistance --- Host resistance --- Innate immunity --- Innate resistance --- Native immunity --- Natural resistance --- Nonspecific immunity --- Resistance to disease --- Antibiotic resistance in microorganisms --- Antibiotics resistance in microorganisms --- Bacterial resistance to antibiotics --- Drug resistance in micro-organisms --- Microbial drug resistance --- Resistance to drugs in microorganisms --- Medical microbiology. --- Drug resistance. --- Pharmacology. --- Immunity --- Microorganisms --- Effect of drugs on --- Microbial biology --- Interactions, Drug --- Drugs --- Chemicals --- Medicine --- Poisoning --- Poisons --- Side effects --- Toxicology --- Resistance to drugs --- Drug effects --- Medical pharmacology --- Medical sciences --- Chemotherapy --- Pharmacy --- Physiological effect