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The Fourth Assessment Report of IPCC having clinched in 2007 the evidence of global warming on account of anthropogenic activities, backed with scientific data gathered and analyzed globally, has made it mandatory world over to focus efforts on delineation of the anticipated adverse impacts of global warming on regional temperature and moisture regimes and the linked hydrologic, climatic and biospheric processes. First and foremost is the requirement to understand vulnerability to food and livelihood security in various ecosystems on mainland, mid-range and high mountains as well as coastal areas including CEZs. The projected global temperature rise of the order of about two degrees or more and further rise at a decadal rate of o around 0. 2 C is sufficient to make grievous changes in sea surface level and submerge many low lying coastal areas around the world thereby possibly causing unprecedented losses to human habitat and livelihood in the coming years. A rise in climate variability is also becoming increasingly evident with potential direct impact on agricultural performance, on water accessibility and on weather extremes. Developing countries due to their poor infrastructure, limited resources and large impoverished population are likely to face more intense and wi- spread adverse impact of climate change than the developed world and also have limited adaptation capacity.

Meteorology. Climatology --- klimaatverandering --- broeikaseffect

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Today, the effect of global climate change is clear to all. It is clearly dangerous in developing countries such as Bangladesh. The industrial revolution made the major changes in the technology, socio-economy and cultures in the late 18th and early 19th century, beginning in Britain and spreading throughout the world. The technology dominated economy was mostly dependent on energy produced from fossil fuel, which is holds true today as well. It is well known that fossil fuel burning has increased the GHGs to the atmosphere, thus creating global warming. Among the GHGs, the concentration of CO2 has been confirmed as the largest. Terrestrial ecosystems are clearly influencing the concentration of GHGs in the atmosphere. Greenhouse gases are constantly entering and leaving the atmosphere. Actively growing trees and other plants absorb CO2 from the atmosphere, combine it with water through photosynthesis and create sugars and more stable carbohydrates. Through this process, trees capture and store atmospheric CO2 in vegetation, soils and biomass products. The Kyoto Protocol, in 1997, explored a flexible mechanism, CDM (Clean Development Mechanism) where Annex I and non-Annex I parties interact for climate change mitigation. Forestry activities have been considered important in the arena of climate change as they act both as a sink and sources of carbon. The purpose of this book is to highlight the and ways means of efficiently reducing global warming through the forestry options in Bangladesh, with the implications of CDM.

Nature protection --- Meteorology. Climatology --- natuurbescherming --- klimaatverandering --- Bangladesh

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From the Earth's Core to Outer Space focuses on four themes: (1) Evolving Earth's crust, (2) Changing Baltic Sea, (3) Climate Change, and (4) Planet Earth, third stone from Sun. The focus on these four topics provides both a state of the art review of earth science topics of particular importance to Scandinavia and the Baltic and also the global context in which a consideration of these topics must be made. It finishes by discussing our use of space born technologies for understanding these topics and places the Earth within the context of our neighbouring planets and their satellites. The first theme includes papers on the structure, origin and evolution of the Earth's crust and in particular the ore deposits in Fennoscandia, plate-tectonic drift of Fennoscandia (Baltica), and postglacial isostatic rebound of the crust. The second theme contains papers dealing with changes in the ice season of the Baltic Sea, inflow and stagnation in deep basins, biology of the Baltic Sea, and carbon dioxide balance in sea water. The third theme deals with origin and evolution of oxygen in atmosphere, postglacial climate change, effects of aerosols and greenhouse gases on climate, interplay between anthropogenic and natural facators in the current climate change, and Earth's water resources. The fourth theme includes articles on Earth's space environment, use of satellites in cartography and geodesy, information obtained by space probes on Mars and other planets and their moons, and possibilities to find life on them.

Meteorology. Climatology --- Physical geography --- fysische geografie --- klimaatverandering

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The Baltic Sea area is an old cultural landscape with a well developed international framework for monitoring, assessing and managing its marine ecosystems. It provides a good case study for other regions where such management is being set up. The chapters in this book are based on lectures given at a summer school on the Baltic Sea island of Bornholm in the summer of 2009. They cover a range of topics, spanning from detailed descriptions of political agreements that protect the marine environment, to basic modelling instructions, to an assessment of the possible impacts of climate change on the marine ecosystem, to a reflection on the role of climate scientists and their responsibility in society. This interdisciplinary book is primarily directed at students and lecturers of the environmental disciplines to provide an overview of the possible impacts of climate change on the Baltic Sea. It is also intended to serve as a background reference for scientists and policy makers, both for the Baltic Sea area and more generally. The book is a contribution to the BALTEX programme and to the BONUS+ projects ECOSUPPORT and Baltic-C.

Hydrosphere --- Meteorology. Climatology --- oceanografie --- klimaatverandering --- Baltic Sea

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This book is one of the outputs of the conference on ˜Environmental Change, Forced Migration, and Social Vulnerability' (EFMSV) held in Bonn in October 2008. Migration is one of the oldest adaptation measures of humanity. Indeed, without migration the multitude of civilizations and interactions between them - peaceful and otherwise - would be hard to imagine. The United Nations (UN)-led global dialogue on migration is a clear sign that governments and the specialized UN agencies and bodies have recognized the need to view, govern, manage, and facilitate migration; to mitigate its negative effects; and to capitalize on the positive ones. It is a common expectation among experts that environmentally induced migration will further increase in the decades to come. Hence, next to the political, economic, ethnic, social, financial, humanitarian, and security aspects of migration, the environmental component should urgently be considered in the ongoing international dialogue on migration. This need is also a challenge. Without appropriate scientific knowledge, assessment, definitions, and classifications, the intergovernmental frameworks would not be able to deal with these complex phenomena. The Five-Pronged-Approach as formulated by the United Nations University (UNU) may serve as a framework to identify the additional dimensions of this challenge next to - and actually simultaneously with - the scientific one.

Migration. Refugees --- Meteorology. Climatology --- migratie (mensen) --- klimaatverandering