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The theory of electronic states in the traditionally solid state physics is essentially a theory of electronic states in crystals of infinite size. However, any real crystal always has a finite size. This book presents an analytical theory on the electronic states in ideal low-dimensional systems and finite crystals recently developed by the author based on a differential equation theory approach. It gives some exact and general fundamental understandings on the electronic states in ideal low-dimensional systems and finite crystals and provides new insights on some fundamental problems in low-dimensional systems such as the surface states, quantum confinement effects etc, some of them are quite different from what are traditionally believed in the solid state physics community.
Solid state physics --- Chemical and physical crystallography --- kristallografie --- fysica --- fysicochemie
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From tilings to quasicrystal structures and from surfaces to the n-dimensional approach, this book gives a full, self-contained in-depth description of the crystallography of quasicrystals. It aims not only at conveying the concepts and a precise picture of the structures of quasicrystals, butit also enables the interested reader to enter the field of quasicrystal structure analysis. Going beyond metallic quasicrystals, it also describes the new, dynamically growing field of photonic quasicrystals. The readership will be graduate students and researchers in crystallography, solid-state physics, materials science, solid- state chemistry and applied mathematics.
Chemical and physical crystallography --- Materials sciences --- kristallografie --- materiaalkennis --- materialen (technologie)
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Physicochemistry --- Organic chemistry --- Chemical and physical crystallography --- kristallografie --- organische chemie --- fysicochemie
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Solid state physics --- Macromolecules --- Chemical and physical crystallography --- kristallografie --- fysica --- polymeren --- fysicochemie
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Crystal structure analysis from powder diffraction data has attracted considerable and ever growing interest in the last decades. X-ray powder diffraction is best known for phase analysis (Hanawalt files) dating back to the 30s. In the late 60s the inherent potential of powder diffraction for crystallographic problems was realized and scientists developed methods for using powder diffraction data at first only for the refinement of crystal structures. With the development of ever growing computer power profile fitting and pattern decomposition allowed to extract individual intensities from overlapping diffraction peaks opening the way to many other applications, especially to ab initio structure determination. Powder diffraction today is used in X-ray and neutron diffraction, where it is a powerful method in neutron diffraction for the determination of magnetic structures. In the last decade the interest has dramatically improved. There is hardly any field of crystallography where the Rietveld, or full pattern method has not been tried with quantitative phase analysis the most important recent application.
Physicochemistry --- Inorganic chemistry --- Chemical and physical crystallography --- Rocks. Minerals --- mineralogie --- kristallografie --- anorganische chemie --- fysicochemie
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This volume is a collection of articles from the Proceedings of the International School of Structural Biology and Magnetic Resonance 7th Course: Structure, Structure and Biophysics - New Technologies for Current Challenges in Biology and Beyond. This NATO Advance Study Institute (ASI) was held in Erice (Italy) at the Ettore Majorana Foundation and Centre for Scientific Culture on 22 June through 3 July 2005. The ASI brought together a diverse group of experts in the fields of structural biology, biophysics, and physics. Prominent lecturers, from seven different countries, and students from around the world participated in the NATO ASI organized by Professors Joseph Puglisi (Stanford University, California, USA) and Alexander Arseniev (Moscow, RU). Advances in nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography have allowed the thr- dimensional structures of many biological macromolecules and their complexes, including the ribosome and RNA polymerase to be solved. Fundamental principles of NMR spectroscopy and dynamics, X-ray crystallography, computation, and experimental dynamics were taught in the context of important biological applications. The ASI addressed the treatment and detection of bioterrorism agents, and focused on critical partner country priorities in biotechnology, materials, and drug discovery. The range of topics here represents the diversity of critical problems between structural biology, biochemistry, and biophysics, in which lies the fertile ground of drug development, biotechnology, and new materials. The individual articles represent the state of the art in each area and provide a guide to the original literature in this rapidly developing field.
Solid state physics --- Chemical and physical crystallography --- General biophysics --- Biotechnology --- kristallografie --- biofysica --- spectroscopie --- biotechnologie --- fysica --- fysicochemie
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Polymineral-Metasomatic Crystallogenesis is dedicated to the foundations of polymineral crystallogenesis in solutions typically occurring in nature. Effects, laws, and mechanisms of a metasomatic crystal replacement, joint crystal growth of different phases, mixed crystal formation, and aggregate re-crystallization as well as oriented overgrowth (epitaxy and quasi-epitaxy) and crystal habit origin are considered experimentally. The behaviour of these processes in nature are discussed in addition to pseudomorphs, poikilitic crystals (and other replacement forms), features of rapakivi structure, fluorite morphology, and many more. The concept is a generalization of the classic theory on crystallogenesis which is complicated by phase interaction in polymineral systems. Polymineral-Metasomatic Crystallogenesis is designed for chemists, geologists, physicists, and postgraduates and advanced undergraduate students of these fields.
Inorganic chemistry --- Chemical and physical crystallography --- Geochemistry --- Rocks. Minerals --- geochemie --- mineralogie --- kristallografie --- anorganische chemie
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Ferroelectric thin films continue to attract much attention due to their developing, diverse applications in memory devices, FeRAM, infrared sensors, piezoelectric sensors and actuators. This book, aimed at students, researchers and developers, gives detailed information about the basic properties of these materials and the associated device physics. All authors are acknowledged experts in the field.
Electromagnetism. Ferromagnetism --- Physics --- Metals and their compounds --- Chemical and physical crystallography --- Electronics --- kristallografie --- toegepaste wetenschappen --- elektronica --- fysica --- metalen --- magnetisme --- fysicochemie
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This book, the first in this new field of materials science, aims to present a coherent picture of the design principles and resulting properties of self healing materials over all material classes, and to offset them to the current design principles for structural materials with improved mechanical properties. Where appropriate a comparison to natural materials is made. As such it will be a landmark and a reference work in the coming years. The book consists of a number of invited contributions from leading experts in the field. While each chapter describes a separate approach or a different aspect of self healing materials, the common structure of each chapter creates a coherent and consistent picture of this emerging and challenging field. Hence the book is not only a valuable asset for professional materials scientists but it is also suitable as a text book for courses at MSc level.
Fluid mechanics --- Chemical and physical crystallography --- Production management --- Building materials. Building technology --- kristallografie --- materie (fysica) --- kwaliteitscontrole --- bouwmaterialen --- mechanica --- fysicochemie --- vloeistoffen
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Single-molecule techniques eliminate ensemble averaging, thus revealing transient or rare species in heterogeneous systems [1-3]. These approaches have been employed to probe myriad biological phenomena, including protein and RNA folding [4-6], enzyme kinetics [7, 8], and even protein biosynthesis [1, 9, 10]. In particular, immobilization-based fluorescence te- niques such as total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy (TIRF-M) have recently allowed for the observation of multiple events on the millis- onds to seconds timescale [11-13]. Single-molecule fluorescence methods are challenged by the instability of single fluorophores. The organic fluorophores commonly employed in single-molecule studies of biological systems display fast photobleaching, intensity fluctuations on the millisecond timescale (blinking), or both. These phenomena limit observation time and complicate the interpretation of fl- rescence fluctuations [14, 15]. Molecular oxygen (O) modulates dye stability. Triplet O efficiently 2 2 quenches dye triplet states responsible for blinking. This results in the for- tion of singlet oxygen [16-18]. Singlet O reacts efficiently with organic dyes, 2 amino acids, and nucleobases [19, 20]. Oxidized dyes are no longer fluor- cent; oxidative damage impairs the folding and function of biomolecules. In the presence of saturating dissolved O , blinking of fluorescent dyes is sup- 2 pressed, but oxidative damage to dyes and biomolecules is rapid. Enzymatic O -scavenging systems are commonly employed to ameliorate dye instability. 2 Small molecules are often employed to suppress blinking at low O levels.
Solid state physics --- Chemical and physical crystallography --- Chemistry --- General biophysics --- Biotechnology --- Computer. Automation --- kristallografie --- biofysica --- chemie --- informatica --- spectroscopie --- biotechnologie --- fysica
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