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Humans have utilized the bioactive principles of different plants for various beneficial physiological properties, including antimicrobial properties, for many centuries. However, with the availability of effective, synthetic antimicrobial drugs, interest in using medicinal plants declined during the 20th century. In recent years, the development of microbial resistance to various drugs has focused research on the use of phytochemicals as alternatives to synthetic drugs. This book presents comprehensive reviews on the antimicrobial and antiviral properties of numerous recently reported phytochemicals, and their mechanisms of antimicrobial actions. Several chapters critically discuss the beneficial as well as adverse effects of antibacterial, and stimulatory activities of dietary phytochemicals on rumen and gut microbial populations of humans and animals. Microbial adaptation and the resistance of microbes to phytochemicals are also highlighted with other chapters covering more applied aspects.

Science --- General microbiology --- Biology --- Human biochemistry --- Agriculture. Animal husbandry. Hunting. Fishery --- Food science and technology --- medische biochemie --- voedingschemie --- biochemie --- biologie --- wetenschap --- landbouw --- microbiologie --- wetenschappen

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Low-Power High-Level Synthesis for Nanoscale CMOS Circuits addresses the need for analysis, characterization, estimation, and optimization of the various forms of power dissipation in the presence of process variations of nano-CMOS technologies. The authors show very large-scale integration (VLSI) researchers and engineers how to minimize the different types of power consumption of digital circuits. The material deals primarily with high-level (architectural or behavioral) energy dissipation because the behavioral level is not as highly abstracted as the system level nor is it as complex as the gate/transistor level. At the behavioral level there is a balanced degree of freedom to explore power reduction mechanisms, the power reduction opportunities are greater, and it can cost-effectively help in investigating lower power design alternatives prior to actual circuit layout or silicon implementation. The book is a self-contained low-power, high-level synthesis text for Nanoscale VLSI design engineers and researchers. Each chapter has simple relevant examples for a better grasp of the principles presented. Several algorithms are given to provide a better understanding of the underlying concepts. The initial chapters deal with the basics of high-level synthesis, power dissipation mechanisms, and power estimation. In subsequent parts of the text, a detailed discussion of methodologies for the reduction of different types of power is presented including: ¢ Power Reduction Fundamentals ¢ Energy or Average Power Reduction ¢ Peak Power Reduction ¢ Transient Power Reduction ¢ Leakage Power Reduction Low-Power High-Level Synthesis for Nanoscale CMOS Circuits provides a valuable resource for the design of low-power CMOS circuits.