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AccordingtoHolzmann [14], protocol speci?cationscomprise ?veelements: the service the protocol provides toits users; the set of messages that are exchanged between protocol entities; the format of each message; the rules governingm- sage exchange (procedures); and the assumptionsabout the environment in which the protocol is intended tooperate. In protocol standards documents, information related to the operatingenvironment isusually writteninformally andmayoccur in several di?erentplaces [37]. This informal speci?cation style canlead to misunderstandings andpossibly incompatible implementations. In contrast,executableformalmodelsrequireprecisespeci?cations oftheoperating environment. Ofparticularsigni?canceisthecommunicationmediumorchannel over which the protocol operates. Channelscan havedi?erent characteristics depending on the physical media (e. g. optical ?bre, copper, cable orunguided media (radio)) they employ. The characteristics also depend on the levelof the protocol inacomputer protocol architecture. Forexample, the link-leveloperates over a singlemedium,whereas the network, transport andapplication levelsmayoperate over a network,or network of networks such as the Internet,which couldemploy several di?erent physical media. Channels (such as satellite links) can be noisy resulting in bit errors in packets. To correct biterrors in packets, many importantprotocols (such the Internet's TransmissionControl Protocol [27]) use CyclicRedundancy Checks (CRCs)[28] to detect errors. On detectingan error,the receiver discards the packet andrelies on the sender to retransmit itforrecovery,known as Au- maticRepeatreQuest(ARQ)[28]. Thisisachievedbythereceiveracknowledging the receipt of good packets, andby the transmitter maintainingatimer. When the timer expires before an acknowledgementhasbeen received, the transmitter retransmits packets that havebeen sent but are as yet notacknowledged. It may also be possibleforpacketsto be lost due to routers in networks discarding packets when congested.

Mathematical logic --- Computer science --- Programming --- Artificial intelligence. Robotics. Simulation. Graphics --- Computer. Automation --- toegepaste informatica --- vormgeving --- informatica --- simulaties --- programmeren (informatica) --- wiskunde --- software engineering --- logica

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Coloured Petri Nets (CPN) is a graphical language for modelling and validating concurrent and distributed systems, and other systems in which concurrency plays a major role. The development of such systems is particularly challenging because of inherent intricacies like possible nondeterminism and the immense number of possible execution sequences. In this textbook Jensen and Kristensen introduce the constructs of the CPN modelling language and present the related analysis methods in detail. They also provide a comprehensive road map for the practical use of CPN by showcasing selected industrial case studies that illustrate the practical use of CPN modelling and validation for design, specification, simulation, verification and implementation in various application domains. Their presentation primarily aims at readers interested in the practical use of CPN. Thus all concepts and constructs are first informally introduced through examples and then followed by formal definitions (which may be skipped). The book is ideally suitable for a one-semester course at an advanced undergraduate or graduate level, and through its strong application examples can also serve for self-study. An accompanying website offers additional material such as slides, exercises and project proposals.

Computer science --- Computer architecture. Operating systems --- Artificial intelligence. Robotics. Simulation. Graphics --- Computer. Automation --- vormgeving --- informatica --- computerbesturingssystemen --- simulaties --- software engineering --- KI (kunstmatige intelligentie) --- OS (operating system)

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Transactions on Petri Nets and Other Models of Concurrency (ToPNoC) II These Transactions publish archival papers in the broad area of Petri nets and other models of concurrency, ranging from theoretical work to tool support and industrial applications. ToPNoC issues are published as LNCS volumes, and hence are widely distributed and indexed. This Journal has its own Editorial Board which selects papers based on a rigorous two-stage refereeing process. ToPNoC contains: - Revised versions of a selection of the best papers from workshops and tutorials at the annual Petri net conferences - Special sections/issues within particular subareas (similar to those published in the Advances in Petri Nets series) - Other papers invited for publication in ToPNoC - Papers submitted directly to ToPNoC by their authors The second volume of ToPNoC focuses on Concurrency in Process-Aware Information Systems. Although the topic of business process management using information technology has been addressed by consultants and software developers in depth, more fundamental approaches towards such Process-Aware Information Systems (PAISs) have been rather uncommon. It wasn't until the 1990s that researchers started to work on the foundations of PAISs. Clearly, concurrency theory is an essential ingredient in these foundations as business processes are highly concurrent involving all types of routing logic and resource allocation mechanisms. The 16 papers in this special issue of ToPNoC cover topics ranging from the formal (mostly Petri-net based) foundations of PAISs to more applied topics such as flexibility and process mining. Thus, this volume gives a good overview of the state of the art in PAIS research.

Complex analysis --- Computer science --- Artificial intelligence. Robotics. Simulation. Graphics --- Computer. Automation --- toegepaste informatica --- complexe analyse (wiskunde) --- vormgeving --- informatica --- simulaties --- software engineering --- informatica management

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These Transactions publish archival papers in the broad area of Petri nets and other models of concurrency, ranging from theoretical work to tool support and industrial applications. ToPNoC issues are published as LNCS volumes, and hence are widely distributed and indexed. This Journal has its own Editorial Board which selects papers based on a rigorous two stage refereeing process. ToPNoC contains: - Revised versions of a selection of the best papers from workshops and tutorials at the annual Petri net conferences - Special sections/issues within particular subareas (similar to those published in the Advances in Petri Nets series) - Other papers invited for publication in ToPNoC - Papers submitted directly to ToPNoC by their authors This is the first volume of ToPNoC. It contains revised and extended versions of a selection of the best papers from the workshops held at the 28th International Conference on Applications and Theory of Petri Nets and Other Models of Concurrency, which took place in Siedlce, Poland, June 25-29, 2007. The material has been selected and evaluated by the two Workshop and Tutorial Chairs, Wil van der Aalst and Jonathan Billington, in close cooperation with the chairs of the individual workshops. The 13 papers in this volume cover a wide range of concurrency-related topics, including: teaching concurrency; process languages; process mining; software engineering; state space visualisation techniques; timed Petri nets; unfolding techniques and hardware systems. Thus, this volume gives a good overview of the state of the art in concurrency research.

Computer. Automation --- informatica