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Economic law --- European Union --- Restraint of trade --- Concurrence --- Restrictions --- 339.5 <4> --- -351.82*6 <4> --- Combinations in restraint of trade --- Competition --- Competition law --- Restrictive trade practices --- Trade, Restraint of --- Trade practices, Unfair --- Unfair trade practices --- Commercial crimes --- Trade regulation --- Monopolies --- Trusts, Industrial --- Buitenlandse handel. Internationale handel. Ruilvoet--Europa --- Mededingingsrecht. Kartelrecht--Europa --- Law and legislation --- 351.82*6 <4> Mededingingsrecht. Kartelrecht--Europa --- 339.5 <4> Buitenlandse handel. Internationale handel. Ruilvoet--Europa --- 351.82*6 <4> --- Restraint of trade - European Economic Community countries.

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Souvent invoquées pour leur caractère répressif et critiquées car jugées excessives, mais rarement analysées, les sanctions de la violation du droit communautaire de la concurrence sont utilisées dans un but préventif et participent de la construction européenne. Pour que cette construction soit la meilleure possible, les sanctions doivent être efficaces, une action conjointe de la Commission et des autorités et juridictions nationales étant alors requise. Cette action tend tout d'abord à rétablir le jeu concurrentiel, que celui-ci soit faussé par les entreprises ou par les Etats membres. Afin de faire cesser l'infraction, un processus de décentralisation dote les instances nationales du pouvoir d'intervenir lorsqu'une violation du droit communautaire survient. Impulsé très tôt par la Cour de justice, ce processus s'est progressivement accentué si bien qu'aujourd'hui ces instances hésitent moins que par le passé à sanctionner, en concurrence avec la Commission, une infraction. Toutefois, dans la très grande majorité des affaires, aucune sanction formelle n'apparaît, la Commission intervenant alors plus en tant qu'acteur mettant- en œuvre la politique communautaire qu'en tant que gendarme assurant la police de la concurrence. D'une certaine manière, on assiste alors à l'émergence d'un véritable " droit négocié ". Cette action tend par ailleurs à sanctionner pécuniairement les auteurs de comportements anticoncurrentiels. Toutefois, dans ce domaine, la Commission et les instances nationales disposent, non de compétences concurrentes mais, de compétences exclusives. D'une part, la Commission inflige des amendes et des astreintes, ces sanctions participant ici encore de la construction européenne en poursuivant un but plus préventif que répressif. D'autre part, les juridictions nationales statuent sur les - rares - demandes de dommages et intérêts, de multiples difficultés rendant leur mission délicate.

Economic law --- Restraint of trade --- Antitrust law --- Sanctions (Law) --- Criminal provisions. --- Criminal provisions --- 347.776 EU --- -Restraint of trade --- -Sanctions (Law) --- -347.776 EU --- Law --- Nullity --- Anti-trust law --- Competition --- Competition law --- Trusts, Industrial --- Commercial law --- Trade regulation --- Combinations in restraint of trade --- Restrictive trade practices --- Trade, Restraint of --- Trade practices, Unfair --- Unfair trade practices --- Commercial crimes --- Monopolies --- Oneerljke concurrentie. Ongeoorloofde mededinging--EU --- Sanction --- Law and legislation --- 347.776 EU Oneerljke concurrentie. Ongeoorloofde mededinging--EU --- Restraint of trade - European Union countries - Criminal provisions. --- Antitrust law - European Union countries - Criminal provisions. --- Sanctions (Law) - European Union countries. --- Antitrust law - European Union countries - Criminal provisions --- Sanctions (Law) - European Union countries

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Antitrust law --- Restraint of trade --- BPB0804 --- 334.75 --- Bedrijfsconcentraties. Economische concentratie. Monopolies. Fusies. Merger. Kartel. Trust. Antitrust --- 334.75 Bedrijfsconcentraties. Economische concentratie. Monopolies. Fusies. Merger. Kartel. Trust. Antitrust --- Combinations in restraint of trade --- Competition --- Competition law --- Restrictive trade practices --- Trade, Restraint of --- Trade practices, Unfair --- Unfair trade practices --- Commercial crimes --- Trade regulation --- Monopolies --- Trusts, Industrial --- Anti-trust law --- Commercial law --- Law and legislation --- Law --- European Union countries --- Congresses --- International and municipal law --- Concurrence --- Droit européen --- Restrictions --- Droit européen. --- Antitrust law - European Union countries - Congresses. --- Restraint of trade - European Union countries - Congresses. --- Antitrust law - Europe - Congresses. --- Restraint of trade - Europe - Congresses. --- Droit européen.

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Economic law --- European Union --- Communautés européennes --- Droit commercial --- Entreprises --- Europese Gemeenschappen --- Handelsrecht --- Ondernemingen --- Antitrust law --- Restraint of trade --- Sanctions, Administrative --- Concurrence --- Sanctions administratives --- Droit --- Restrictions --- europees gemeenschapsrecht --- kartel --- sancties --- droit communautaire europeen --- cartel --- sanctions --- Europese Unie --- 351.82*6 --- 351.82 --- -351.82 <4> --- -Sanctions, Administrative --- -351.826 <4> --- Administrative penalties --- Administrative sanctions --- Penalties, Administrative --- Administrative law --- Administrative procedure --- Criminal law --- Law enforcement --- Sanctions (Law) --- Anti-trust law --- Competition --- Competition law --- Trusts, Industrial --- Commercial law --- Trade regulation --- Combinations in restraint of trade --- Restrictive trade practices --- Trade, Restraint of --- Trade practices, Unfair --- Unfair trade practices --- Commercial crimes --- Monopolies --- Mededingingsrecht. Kartelrecht --- Economisch recht --- Law and legislation --- Law --- 351.82*6 Mededingingsrecht. Kartelrecht --- 351.82 <4> --- 351.826 <4> --- Restraint of trade - European Economic Community countries --- Antitrust law - European Economic Community countries --- Sanctions, Administrative - European Economic Community countries

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Competition --- Antitrust law --- Concurrence --- Droit --- Restraint of trade --- -Restraint of trade --- -AA / International- internationaal --- 380.22 --- 338.54 --- 174 --- Combinations in restraint of trade --- Competition law --- Restrictive trade practices --- Trade, Restraint of --- Trade practices, Unfair --- Unfair trade practices --- Commercial crimes --- Trade regulation --- Monopolies --- Trusts, Industrial --- Competition (Economics) --- Competitiveness (Economics) --- Economic competition --- Commerce --- Conglomerate corporations --- Covenants not to compete --- Industrial concentration --- Open price system --- Supply and demand --- Concurrentie. Monopolie, duopolie, oligopolie. --- Controle van de productie. --- Verband tussen de ethiek en de economie. Ethiek en bedrijf. --- Law and legislation --- Hainaut --- Handel --- Henegouwen --- Industries --- Industrieën --- Périodiques --- Tijdschriften --- Free enterprise --- France --- Economic policy --- AA / International- internationaal --- Verband tussen de ethiek en de economie. Ethiek en bedrijf --- Controle van de productie --- Concurrentie. Monopolie, duopolie, oligopolie --- Competition - France --- Restraint of trade - France