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Plant physiology. Plant biophysics --- Materials sciences --- Agriculture. Animal husbandry. Hunting. Fishery --- Production management --- systematische plantkunde --- DFMA (design for manufacture and assembly) --- landbouw

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Engineering sciences. Technology --- Artificial intelligence. Robotics. Simulation. Graphics --- beeldverwerking --- systeemtheorie --- controleleer --- KI (kunstmatige intelligentie) --- systeembeheer --- signaalverwerking --- AI (artificiële intelligentie)

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Estimating evapotranspiration (ET) has been one of the most critical research areas in agriculture because of water scarcity, the growing population, and climate change. The accurate estimation and mapping of ET are necessary for crop water management. Traditionally, researchers use water balance, soil moisture, weighing lysimeters, or an energy balance approach, such as Bowen ratio or eddy covariance towers to estimate ET. However, these ET methods are point-specific or area-weighted measurements and cannot be extended to a large scale. On the other hand, while remote sensing is able to provide spatially distributed measurements, the spatial resolution of multispectral satellite images is often not enough for crops with clumped canopy structures, such as trees and vines. Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) can mitigate these spatial and temporal limitations. Lightweight cameras and sensors can be mounted on the UAVs and take high-resolution images. Unlike satellite imagery, the spatial resolution of the UAV images can be at the centimeter-level. UAVs can also fly on-demand, which provides high temporal imagery. This book examines the different UAV-based approaches of ET estimation. Models and algorithms, such as mapping evapotranspiration at high resolution with internalized calibration (METRIC), the two-source energy balance (TSEB) model, and machine learning (ML) are discussed. It also covers the challenges and opportunities for UAVs in ET estimation, with the final chapters devoted to new ET estimation methods and their potential applications for future research.

Botany --- Applied physical engineering --- Environmental protection. Environmental technology --- Agriculture. Animal husbandry. Hunting. Fishery --- Civil engineering. Building industry --- toegepaste mechanica --- landbouw --- ingenieurswetenschappen --- botanie --- planten --- milieubescherming

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Biomathematics. Biometry. Biostatistics --- Human biochemistry --- Applied physical engineering --- Engineering sciences. Technology --- Artificial intelligence. Robotics. Simulation. Graphics --- Computer. Automation --- procesautomatisering --- medische biochemie --- bio-informatica --- biochemie --- automatisering --- systeemtheorie --- biometrie --- systeembeheer --- robots --- fysicochemie --- regeltechniek

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Fractional-order Systems and Controls details the use of fractional calculus (calculus of non-integer order) in the description and modeling of systems, and in a range of control design and practical applications. It is largely self-contained, covering the fundamentals of fractional calculus together with some analytical and numerical techniques and providing MATLAB® codes for the simulation of fractional-order control (FOC) systems (available by download from www.springer.com/ISBN). The use of fractional calculus can improve and generalize well-established control methods and strategies. Many different FOC schemes are presented for control and dynamic systems problems. These extend to the challenging control engineering design problems of robust and nonlinear control. Practical material relating to a wide variety of applications including, among others, mechatronics, civil engineering, irrigation and water management, and biological systems is also provided. All the control schemes and applications are presented in the monograph with either system simulation results or real experimental results, or both. Fractional-order Systems and Controls introduces its readers - academic and industrial control researchers interested in mechatronics, nonlinear and robust control, and applications fields from civil engineering to biological systems - to the essentials of FOC and imbues them with a basic understanding of FOC concepts and methods. With this knowledge readers can extend their use of FOC in other industrial system applications, thereby expanding their range of disciplines by exploiting this versatile new set of control techniques.

Electrical engineering --- Applied physical engineering --- Engineering sciences. Technology --- superclaus proces --- automatisering --- systeemtheorie --- systeembeheer --- automatische regeltechniek