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Cette thèse a été réalisée en lien avec un stage d’insertion dans l’entreprise CMI, secteur Energy, à Seraing. Le but de ce travail est de fournir à cette société un logiciel dynamique leur permettant d’étudier le démarrage des chaudières de récupération once-through. La recherche d’un moyen de production d’électricité capable de répondre à la demande fluctuante du réseau via une facilité de démarrage pousse à étudier la dynamique des cycles combinés. De ce fait, cette demande nécessite l’étude du démarrage des chaudières de récupération afin de s’assurer de leur capacité. Afin de mettre en place cette étude, un logiciel dynamique, Modelica avec la librairie ThermoCycle, a été choisi. Les modèles utilisés ont été analysés et raffinés pour le besoin industriel. La validation du modèle sur base d’un test simple a mis en évidence la bonne adéquation statique et dynamique du modèle d’échangeurs vis-à-vis d’un logiciel statique de référence, Vali, et un logiciel dynamique, KED. Le modèle d’échangeur étant validé, le démarrage de la chaudière a été analysé afin de dresser les contraintes de ce démarrage et d’envisager des solutions de fonctionnement. Malgré ces suggestions, les tests d’un démarrage complet n’ont pu aboutir à cause des contraintes liées à Modelica. Finalement, ce travail peut servir de base à la compréhension des démarrages des chaudières once-through, mais son étude restreinte à une portion du niveau HP de la chaudière ne permet pas de confirmer à l’heure actuelle la conformité d’utilisation de ThermoCycle et Modelica pour étudier les démarrages d’une chaudière complète.
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This research started from the observation that despite high rates of revenue growth, the EBITDA margin rates of SaaS startups are low, but it does not prevent them from being valued at record prices at the time of their exit either during a M&A or an IPO. In order to evaluate and understand this phenomenon, we analyzed the SaaS sector to reveal the specific characteristics of the SaaS startups. Then, we explained the main existing valuation methods to check out which valuation methods are best fitted. First, we examined the classical valuation methods, divided into three approaches: the actuarial approach (with the discounted cash flow model and the dividend discount model), the asset-based approach (with the revalued net asset value model) and the comparative approach using comparative multiples based on similar listed companies. In addition to those classical valuation methods, we analyzed the fitness of three other specific methods: the “First-Chicago” and the Venture capital methods designed specifically for the valuation of the startups; and finally, the revenue multiple method, which has been developed exclusively considering the specific characteristics of SaaS enterprises. This latter evaluates the value of a SaaS startup as the product of annual recurring revenue and revenue multiple. With the aim of validating or invalidating our theoretical analyzes on the fitness between all those valuation methods with the SaaS startups, we carried out a qualitative survey by saturation with SaaS startups already or being in the process of realizing a valuation and with investors active in SaaS startups.
exit --- startup --- Software-as-a-Service --- SaaS --- valuation methods --- Sciences économiques & de gestion > Comptabilité & audit
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La révolution numérique est toujours en cours. Elle change non seulement nos habitudes de vie, mais aussi notre économie dans son ensemble. De nombreux gouvernements ont reconnu dans le digital un levier économique (Innovate UK, 2016 ; Ministerie van Economische Zaken : Dorectoe Regeldruk en ICT-beleid, 2016 ; Agency for Digitisation, Mai 2016) (OCDE, 2015). Le digital est créateur d’économie en lui-même et entraine un effet multiplicateur sur les secteurs économiques auxquels il est appliqué. Fortes de ce constat, les autorités publiques tentent de promouvoir le secteur numérique à travers diverses actions. La Wallonie ne fait pas exception à la règle : l’Agence du Numérique, via Digital Wallonia, suit l’objectif de promouvoir le numérique en Wallonie (Agence du Numérique, s.d.).
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Dans le cadre de ce mémoire, nous avions comme objectif de proposer des pistes de positionnement stratégique au SCI afin de pérenniser les projets entrepreneuriaux Smart City existants sur le territoire wallon. Afin de répondre à la question de recherche, nous sommes allés à la rencontre d’acteurs-clés. Ceux-ci ont été sélectionnés sur base d’un benchmark des initiatives entrepreneuriales wallonnes que nous avons construit. Nous avons également établi des critères d’un projet entrepreneurial Smart City afin de savoir ce que comporte ce dernier. La revue de littérature nous a permis d’appréhender les concepts de « Smart City » et d’« entrepreneuriat », ainsi que de servir de cadre pour nos entretiens. Les informations récoltées lors des rencontres ont permis de déceler les besoins de l’entrepreneuriat Smart City wallon et de proposer des recommandations. Cette étude qualitative basée sur 21 entretiens fournit aux membres du SCI un aperçu des obstacles à cibler en priorité afin de renforcer l’entrepreneuriat Smart City wallon. Notre étude a mis en évidence la nécessité de connaitre le fonctionnement et les besoins des communes (pour les startups), de sensibiliser les communes sur un partenariat public-privé, de créer des opportunités de réseautage entre acteurs publics et privés, de partager l’expertise du SCI, de sensibiliser les étudiants à la thématique Smart City et finalement la nécessité de centraliser les informations Smart City en Wallonie. En résumé, on constate de manière générale que les besoins sont liés au manque d’interactions entre les parties prenantes. Les solutions que nous proposons sont : la création d’une plateforme, le développement de la page LinkedIn, l’organisation d’évènements, la présentation du SCI dans les hautes écoles et universités, etc. Nous recommandons particulièrement au SCI d’organiser une rencontre entre les startups et les communes par le biais d’un évènement afin de leur permettre de créer des liens et faire du réseautage. De cette façon, le SCI serait en mesure de soutenir l’entrepreneuriat de manière stratégique.
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This project-thesis aims to find how to predict the future success or failure of a particular type of firms, that is to say the FinTech startups, based on information available at their establishment. To do so, the FinTech industry was inspected in details. Its evolution and last trends are depicted in the first part of the investigation. In addition, a state of the art of corporate failure prediction summarizing this practice from its premises in the 60s until today is displayed. To carry on this analysis, I decided to conduct a binary logistic regression on a sample of FinTech startups with the objective to separate failing and successful ones. Furthermore, I applied a feature selector, specifically the Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (Tibshirani, 1996), on the analysis. Moreover, as the sample used is rather small and imbalanced, I decided to apply an over-sampling technique on it.
FinTech --- Startup --- Failure Prediction --- Logistic Regression --- Lasso --- SMOTE --- ADASYN --- Sciences économiques & de gestion > Finance
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Recent years have seen a growing interest in animal wellbeing. People tend to care more and more with the wellbeing of their companions. For many, a cat or a dog deserves to live well, and it would be a shame not to give them the best care possible. That passion now extends to others animals, previously considered as farm animals such as rabbits, guinea pig or even hens. This work focuses on the last, the hens, previously reduced to farm animals to provide eggs and eat the household leftovers. Hens are now, in many households, part of their pet family. People now keep hens not only for their eggs, but also for the life they bring to the garden. As such, they care about their health and their wellbeing. Meanwhile, people aspire to less mental load, less things to care. Nevertheless, a hen is a vulnerable animal and demands a strict daily workload. One needs to check if it is securely in the chicken coop for the night and close it so that it is sheltered from predators. Recent years have seen huge technological advances in the digital world. With everybody carrying a smartphone, staying connected has become an habit . The long-awaited smart houses are now a reality, with many people controlling their lights, door locking system, alarms, home appliances, etc. Anything with electrical power can now technically be controlled or monitored from a smartphone. This thesis aims to explore the possibly to build a business around the warranty of hens wellbeing and protection without adding mental load for their holders.
Business Model Canvas --- Lean Startup --- IoT --- Sciences économiques & de gestion > Stratégie & innovation
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The High-Tech Campus (HTC) in Eindhoven in The Netherlands is a breeding ground for tech startups. It offers a complete infrastructure for startups to grow and scale. When successful, these startups face a need to expand. The job market for technical personnel in The Netherlands is very turbulent, and demand is vastly exceeding supply. Technical talent is getting scarce and deciding which talent should be hired or which talent should be outsourced is a challenge. Recently I started my own consultancy company Qualifice BV which supports startup companies at the High-Tech campus with their test engineering needs. And if all goes well, Qualifice BV will be facing the same expansion challenge. Where large and mature organizations typically build their teams by hiring personnel, startups are facing different dynamics. They face many uncertainties like cash availability and non-proven technology in aggressive competitive environments, and they need to make the best expansion decisions possible to cope with these uncertainties. By researching the problem statement “How do hardware startups at HTC Eindhoven decide between hiring personnel and using independent contractors?” understanding of this decision-making process is built which is valuable information, not only for Qualifice BV but for other startups as well. This problem is researched by answering the questions “What are the variables influencing the hire or outsource decision?”, “How do these variables contribute to the hire or outsource decision?” and “How did HTC startups decide on hiring or outsourcing in practice?”. With desk research (literature review) a number of variables and their contribution to the decision to hire or outsource were discovered. These variables are cost, revenue stream, company valuation target, intellectual property, legal consequences, availability of competence, the business model, focus on value disciplines, ability to trust, intuition and the entrepreneur’s experience. Qualitative field research by interviewing relevant HTC startup leaders has confirmed that some of these discovered variables were indeed important in the practical decision-making process, and additionally, some new variables were discovered: the startup phase and legal entity restrictions. For tech startups at HTC, it can be concluded that the decision between either hiring personnel or outsourcing is directly driven by their business models which are developed to increase company value, and these models distinguish between core and non-core activities. Personnel is hired for core activities, and non-core activities are outsourced. Exceptions are only made when restrictions exist on cost, availability of competence and/or legal entity restrictions.
Startup --- Outsourcing --- Hiring --- Business model --- Sciences économiques & de gestion > Multidisciplinaire, généralités & autres
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The rise of financial technologies (Fintech) and innovative startups in the financial services industry, over the past years, confront traditional institutions with major challenges and force them to rethink their way of doing business. These fintech companies disrupt this business sector by developing new and innovative solutions enabling to enhance the customer experience in a more cost-efficient manner. The objective of this thesis is thus to investigate the potential and actual impact of fintech on the financial services industry, globally and in the Luxembourg market. Throughout this thesis, a panorama of existing fintech hubs will be established to gain an overview of the current environment before the impact of fintech and their disruptive solutions on the banking and investment advisory industry will be studied. The current impact of the financial technologies will be quantified by a global adoption index. Furthermore, with the assistance of interviewees, the potential of the Luxembourg market, with regards to the adoption of fintech, will be examined. The findings of this paper confirm the growing impact of fintech on the financial services industry. Banks, financial institutions and traditional investment advisors are highly recommended to rethink their business model and to integrate digital solutions through collaboration with innovative companies in order to remain competitive and to be able to keep up and with the rising fintech companies. Countries as Luxembourg, facing several limitations, should focus on specific business areas, in which they hold a dominant position, to be able to establish themselves in this new environment and play a major role.
Fintech --- robo-advisor --- investment advisory --- startup --- information technology --- internet of things --- artificial intelligence --- cryptocurrencies --- blockchain --- Sciences économiques & de gestion > Finance
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The purpose of this thesis is to understand the particularities of the business model used by start-up in the insurance sector. During the various chapters, the reader will be able to discover a sector that is at the gateway to a transformation of its current functioning. Forced to adapt to new disruptive elements, insurers as we know them find it difficult to be as reactive as start-ups. These disruptive elements are supported by the development of technology and artificial intelligence. Can we develop an effective insurance business model in Belgium? What can Machine Learning models bring? These are the questions we will ask when we observe different innovative players in the market. During this thesis, we will study what new technological models bring to the different levels of the insurance value chain. This thesis also gives a complete description of a new phenomenon in the insurance sector: Peer-to-Peer insurance. Part of this study focuses on the classification of these new types of insurance and examines their benefits. This detailed overview is then accompanied by an analysis of the disruptive elements that lead to the emergence of new business models. The central element of this transformation concerning technology, this thesis attaches great importance to it. First of all, the theoretical aspects of Machine Learning were studied and secondly, the practical application led to the development of an analysis of a Business Model Canvas.
Fintech --- Insurtech --- Artificial Intelligence --- Startup --- Internet of things --- Business Model Canvas --- Sciences économiques & de gestion > Stratégie & innovation
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Ce mémoire a pour objectif de rendre compte de l'impact du digital sur l'accès au droit. Il est organisé autour 4 chapitres majeurs: l'accès au droit, le marché du droit "hors ligne", la considération du droit et enfin le phénomène de digitalisation. La notion d'accès au droit est étudié au travers des travaux d'Aude Lejeune, Docteure à l'Université de Liège. On insiste sur la portée informationnelle de l'accès au droit mais également la redirection vers les organismes compétents. Dans un second temps, nous réalisons un état des lieux du marché du droit que nous avons qualifié de marché des services juridiques pour plus de justesse sémantique. Ensuite, nous présentons ce que nous avons intitulé la considération du droit c'est-à-dire la manière dont le droit est perçu par les acteurs du marché mais également par les scientifiques. Nous basons notre recherche principalement sur les travaux de Karpik qui considère le droit comme un "bien singulier". Enfin nous entrons dans ce qu'on appelle le phénomène de digitalisation au travers de l'arrivée de ce qu'on appelle communément les "legal startups" et du monde la legaltech. Ce dernier chapitre se concentre sur les impacts provoqués par cette arrivée tant sur l'accès au droit, sera-t-il favorisé ou non, que sur le marché des services juridiques.
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