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The Martian moons pose one of the many unanswered questions regarding the bodies found in the Solar System. As a result, the Japanese Space Agency is developing the so-called Martian Moons eXploration mission (MMX) with the objective of landing in Phobos to retrieve a sample and bring it back to Earth. To land, the spacecraft must first orbit around the moon, where a very rich and complex dynamical environment with several perturbing accelerations is found. This thesis has therefore focused on developing a high precission orbital propagator for the MMX mission. To that end, a spherical harmonics model for the gravity of Mars, a constant density polyhedron for Phobos, solar radiation pressure and sun gravity have been taken into account, and the effect of these perturbations has been studied for a low-altitude Quasi-Satellite Orbit.

Phobos, MMX mission, Quasi-Satellite Orbits, Perturbations, Spherical Harmonics --- Ingénierie, informatique & technologie > Ingénierie aérospatiale

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Introduction : L’expérience des patients, au cœur des soins centrés sur le patient, permet d’évaluer de manière subjective et objective le parcours du patient. Les mesures d’expériences rapportées par les patients sont une des méthodes préconisées pour mesurer et améliorer les soins. Cette recherche évalue si une modification du type d’informations communiquées aux patients lors de la réalisation de l’examen de scintigraphie myocardique de perfusion au sein du service de Médecine nucléaire de Liège modifie positivement l’expérience de ces derniers.

Matériel et méthode : Une étude prospective quasi expérimentale avec groupe contrôle et analyse quantitative par questionnaire a été réalisée pendant 4 mois. Un support écrit a été créé et son impact évalué auprès d’un groupe de patients, par rapport à l’information diffusée habituellement. Des tests statistiques de régression logistique binaire ont été appliqués, et analysés par interprétations des Odds Ratio et intervalles de confiance à 95%.

Résultats et conclusions : L’impact de la diffusion de la brochure a été évalué à 3 moments. Tout d’abord, son influence a été mesurée concernant les informations reçues avant l’examen, puis dans l’appréciation des informations globales reçues, après la réalisation de la scintigraphie myocardique de perfusion. Enfin elle fut estimée dans l’expérience positive des patients dans le service de Médecine nucléaire. 
Son impact était limité dans l’appréciation des informations reçues avant l’examen, en influençant les choix du type d’informations souhaitées par les patients qui l’ont expérimentée, et elle n’avait pas d’effet dans les autres moments mesurés. L’étude a mis en évidence d’autres facteurs d’influence. L’appréciation positive des informations globales reçues dépend de l’importance que les patients accordent au fait d’être informé, associé simultanément avec la qualité des informations reçues à la consultation au cours de laquelle l’examen est prescrit et les explications jugées claires et précises le jour de l’examen. Ces dernières sont le seul facteur ayant un impact sur l’expérience positive des patients. L’étude ayant démontré ses limites à ce niveau, il serait intéressant de poursuivre la recherche vers un questionnement ciblé des patients via des interviews, qui permettrait de mettre en œuvre des solutions appropriées basées sur un partenariat de soins avec les patients. Introduction: At the heart of patient-centered care, patient experience provides a subjective and objective assessment of the patient's journey. Patient-Reported Experience Measures are one of the recommended methods for measuring and improving treatments. This research evaluates whether a change of the type of information provided to patients when performing the myocardial perfusion scintigraphy examination in the Nuclear Medicine Department of Liège positively affects their experience.

Material and method: A four months prospective quasi-experimental study with control group and quantitative analysis via a questionnaire survey. A written medium has been created and its impact evaluated with a group of patients, compared to the information usually disseminated. Statistical tests of binary logistic regression were applied and analyzed by interpretations of Odds Ratio and 95% confidence intervals.

Results and conclusions: The impact of the distribution of the pamphlet was evaluated at three points. First of all its influence has been measured as regards information received before the examination, then in the evaluation of all the information received, after conducting the myocardial perfusion scintigraphy. Finally it has been estimated in the positive patient experience in the Nuclear Medicine Department.
Its impact was limited in the assessment of the information received prior to the examination in influencing the choice of the kind of information desired by the patients who passed through. It had no effect in the other two moments evaluated. The study found other influencing factors. The appraisal of the overall information received depends on the importance to patients of being informed, simultaneously associated with the quality of the information provided during the consultation in which the examination is prescribed, and explanations considered clear and accurate on examination day. The latter are the only factor contributing to the positive patients experience. As the study has shown its limits at this level, it might be interesting to continue the research towards a targeted questioning of patients via interviews, which would make it possible to implement appropriate solutions based on a care partnership with patients.

informative pamphlet --- myocardial perfusion scintigraphy --- patient experience --- quasi-experimental study --- PREM --- Brochure informative --- scintigraphie myocardique de perfusion --- expérience patient --- étude quasi expérimentale --- Sciences de la santé humaine > Santé publique, services médicaux & soins de santé

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During preliminary design of an aircraft, high fidelity simulations are not ideal due to their computational cost. Even, RANS simulations are of the order of hours and are not suitable for rapid modification in the design during early stages. Methods have been developed to lower the computational cost such as the full potential equation. This equation allows to simulate flow in the transonic regime but neglects the viscosity of the fluid. Therefore, the method is not able to predict interesting features such as the stall or an accurate drag coefficient. 

The purpose of this master's thesis is to implement a viscous correction into a finite element full potential solver named Flow. A viscous-inviscid interaction scheme has been implemented. The first goal of this work is to define a theoretical model which can handle either incompressible or compressible, attached or separated flows. The viscous formulation is based on the two-equations dissipation integral boundary layer method coupled with a transition formulation of the e^9 type. The viscous solver is coupled to the inviscid solver by a quasi-simultaneous interaction method. This coupling method provides an easy integration without modifying the inviscid solver and allows to compute weak separation regions. The second goal of the thesis is the numerical implementation of the scheme. The fully coupled non linear system of the viscous solver is discretized by a finite-difference method and is resolved by a robust Newton solution procedure. The results presented demonstrates the ability of Flow to predict with accuracy aerodynamic loads and laminar to turbulent transition for attached incompressible and compressible flow cases. Moreover, Flow is able to simulate with accuracy separated or highly compressible flows. However, some limits of Flow are reached by these extreme cases and this work presents them. A concise summary of the main outcomes and few hints for future work are provided in the conclusion.

Viscous-inviscid interaction --- Integral boundary layer equations --- Quasi-simultaneous coupling --- Boundary layer --- Ingénierie, informatique & technologie > Ingénierie aérospatiale

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Functions of real variables. --- Fonctions d'une variable réelle --- Quasianalytic functions. --- Fonctions quasi-analytiques --- Espaces de fonctions derivables --- Espaces de fonctions derivables

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The new Belgian Code of companies and associations came into force on 1 May 2019. Some of our country's legal texts had become obsolete, an in-depth reform of Belgian company law was necessary. Hereafter, companies and associations are governed by a single Code. 
This reform has three main guidelines : a simplification of company law, an increased flexibility for companies and a compliance with European directives. 
With these objectives, the legislator intends Belgium to become a more attractive country for companies. This reform has an impact on the entire Belgian business world but also on the professionals, like auditors. 
Auditors are concerned because of the new Code has an impact on their missions. Some of them are abolished, notably the review of quasi-contributions ; others are added. 
The intervention of an auditor is now required for various financial operations. In these new cases, his mission is to evaluate financial and accounting data to ensure the shareholders are appropriately informed of these operations. 
The contribution in industry is now allowed in a private limited company. This contribution, which is a contribution in kind, also requires the intervention of an auditor. 
The obligation for all private limited companies to carry out a net assets and a liquidity tests for each cash distribution. This double test has been introduced due to the abolition of the concept of capital for this form of company. When an auditor is appointed, he has now to assess the active and passive situation as well as the financial and accounting data which are included in the reports of the board of directors. 
The findings demonstrate that the auditors panel expressed reserves on some aspects of the new Code. They consider there is no justification for abolishing the audit in the case of a quasicontribution. Moreover, the complexity of the valuation and the tax and accounting uncertainties will not encourage the use of contribution in industry. Finally, they think the obligation of the double test should also be extended to public limited companies. 
The auditors are expecting legislative changes.

Code of companies and associations, auditor, quasi-contribution, evaluation of financial and accounting data, contribution in industry, net assets and liquidity tests --- Sciences économiques & de gestion > Comptabilité & audit