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Taxation --- Impôt --- History --- Histoire --- France --- Wealth tax --- Local taxation --- -Local taxation --- -Municipal taxation --- Taxation, Local --- Taxation, Municipal --- Local finance --- Municipal finance --- Net worth tax --- Taxation of wealth --- -History --- -Wealth tax --- -Taxation --- Impôt --- Municipal taxation --- Wealth tax - France - History - 18th century. --- Local taxation - France - History - 18th century.

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The sovereign wealth funds are government-owned funds that act as their investing arm. Their wealth is mainly based on oil and gaz or excess foreign reserves. They invest this wealth through various asset classes and different geographical areas using specific investment strategies whose purpose is to create financial returns over a long to very long term time horizon.
Their story began in 1953 with the incorporation of the Kuwait Investment Authority, known to be the first sovereign wealth fund. During the 2000s decade, the number of sovereign wealth funds rose exponetially as the oil prices rocketed and the 2008 financial crisis favoured their media coverage as they invested massively in various big financial entities avoiding the collapse of the entire economic system. 
This master thesis is based on the following question :
« What are the relationships between the type of political regime of a state and its sovereign wealth fund in terms of structure and performance ? »
The first part is dedicated to the theory of SWFs and political regimes after which we develop our three hypothesis before detailing the methodology and concluding. We also debate the contribution of our research in the area of the sovereign investment ethics.

SWF --- Governance --- Structure --- Sovereign Wealth Fund --- Performance --- Fonds souverain --- Sciences économiques & de gestion > Finance

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Social stratification --- Sociology of the family. Sociology of sexuality --- National wealth --- Private finance --- Uganda

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Nowadays, technology and innovation are more and more present in our daily lives. With the increasing use of mobiles and e-commerce, we are experiencing a new digital revolution. The sector of the economy that is most affected by this advance is the financial sector, which has seen an unprecedented increase in the number of Fintechs during the past few years.
It has never been easier to make banking or financial operations or transactions online and even directly on our smartphones. Whether it is making payments over the internet through payment services providers (PSP), or investing money through tools such as robo-advisors, these online platforms are now considered to be more efficient, faster and less costly than humans.
Therefore, the following questions arise : Since they offer different but complementary services, why can’t we link these platforms to improve their respective businesses and make life easier for the customers ? How to invest in the financial markets through a robo-advisor the sleeping money of individuals, PSP users ? How do Paypal, the online payment pioneer, and Acorns, a well-known American robo-advisor, do business together ?
To answer these questions, the study, based on a series of interviews with professionals from the sector in Luxembourg, focuses on the European classification of PSP into three types of licenses (payment institutions, electronic money institutions, credit institutions or bank). Considering the two first separated from the third in terms of strategy and by taking into account the conditions for obtaining the different licenses as set out in the law, it proposes various partnership insights for each of them, in accordance with the needs of any robo- advisor.

Online Payment – Robo-advisor – Fintech – Automation – License – Partnership – Innovation – Bank – Wealth Management – Sleeping Money --- Sciences économiques & de gestion > Finance

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Income distribution. --- Poverty --- Destitution --- Wealth --- Basic needs --- Begging --- Poor --- Subsistence economy --- Distribution of income --- Income inequality --- Inequality of income --- Distribution (Economic theory) --- Disposable income --- Theses --- Poverty. --- Income distribution