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Escherichia coli --- Collagen --- Bacterial Adhesion --- Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins --- metabolism
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Bordetella pertussis --- Monocytes --- Fimbriae, Bacterial --- Bacterial Adhesion --- Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins --- immunology --- metabolism --- physiology --- genetics
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beta-Lactamases --- Chromosomes, Bacterial --- Enterobacter --- Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins --- Genes, Bacterial --- isolation & purification --- enzymology --- drug effects --- genetics
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Organ of Corti --- Hair Cells, Auditory, Outer --- Hair Cells, Auditory --- Hearing Loss --- Vestibulocochlear Nerve Injuries --- cytology --- embryology --- physiology --- metabolism --- genetics
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Les bactéries Gram - se distinguent par la présence d’une membrane externe. Il a été démon- tré que dans une situation de limitation en glucose, E.coli se sépare en deux sous-populations présentant respectivement une faible et une forte perméabilité de la membrane externe. Ce phénomène peut être interprété comme une stratégie de ‘bet-hedging’ (distribution des risques), la sous-population présentant une membrane externe plus perméable ayant une plus grande capacité d’absorption de nutriments et la sous-population présentant une faible perméabilité membranaire étant plus résistante à un potentiel stress. Premièrement, la croissance en conditions de limitation en glucose d’un ensemble de mu- tants d’E.coli présentant des ratios différent du phénotype perméable a été évalué. Tous les mutants, à l’exception de ceux comprenant la suppression de OMPA, ont montré une meilleure croissance en conditions de limitation. Ceci semble confirmer la présence d’un mécanisme de bet-hedging mais l’évaluation de celui-ci a été complexifié par les mutations utilisées. En effet, probablement due à l’impact structurel de cette importante porine, la suppression de OMPA a entraîné une diminution de la croissance en conditions non-limitante en glucose. Dans un deuxième temps, la dynamique de la sous-population perméable a été suivie à l’aide d’une cy- tomètre en flux en ligne. Dès lors, il a été observé que plusieurs dynamiques étaient impliquées ce qui suggère que plusieurs mécanismes cellulaires entrent en jeux dans l’adaptation au manque de glucose. Plus spécifiquement, ces résultats peuvent être interprétés comme une succes- sion de deux mécanismes adaptatifs, le premier intervient rapidement et mène à une fraction de cellules ayant une capacité accrue d’absorption des nutriments et le second, plus lent, im- plique une réduction significative de la taille des cellules. En conclusion, un mécanisme de bet- hedging a été observé durant la première phase d’adaptation à la limitation en glucose, ce mé- canisme a ensuite été suivi par une modification plus approfondi de la structure cellulaire. Nos résultats soulignent le fait que les mécanismes d’adaptation d’une population microbienne à la limitation en glucose sont complexes et impliquent probablement une balance bénéfice-coût conduisant à une succession de stratégies. Gram negative bacteria are characterised by the presence of an outer membrane (OM). It has been shown that upon glucose limiting conditions the bacterial population splits into two sub- populations exhibiting low and high OM permeability respectively. Such phenomenon could be interpreted as a bet-hedging strategy, with the subpopulation expressing high OM permeability exhibiting higher nutrient uptake and the subpopulation with low OM permeability being more resistant to potential stressor. In the first part of this work, a set of E.coli mutant strains displaying different ratio between OM permeabilized and non permeabilized subpopulations have been challenged for their growth fitness under nutrient limiting conditions. Mutants with higher OM permeabilized subpopula- tion, except the ones with OMPA deletion, exhibited increased fitness under limitation, suggest- ing a bet-hedging mechanism. However, deletion of OMPA resulted in a decreased fitness, prob- ably due to the structural impact of this important porin. In a second stage, dynamics of the OM permeabilized subpopulation has been tracked based on on-line flow cytometry. A highly non-monotic dynamics was observed at this level, suggesting that several cellular mechanisms are implied in the adaptation to nutrient scarcity. More specifically, these results can be inter- preted as a succession of two adaptive mechanisms, i.e. with the first one being fast and im- plying a fraction of cells with increased nutrient uptake capacity and the second one, slower, implying a significant reduction in cell size. As a conclusion, a bet-hedging mechanism has been observed during the first phase of adaptation to nutrient limiting conditions, this mech- anism being then followed by deeper modification of the cellular structure. Our results point out the fact that the mechanisms of adaptation of a microbial population to nutrient limitation are complex and involved probably a cost-benefit effect leading to a succession of strategies.
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Dr Yang's book deals with the port and coastal State's jurisdiction over foreign merchant ships as well as with the rights and duties of these ships in the internal waters and in the territorial sea. The international law is rather different in both situations. Despite the fact that it faces a number of issues such as, for example, a contested right of access to ports or conditions for port access requirements, the law of foreign merchant ships in internal waters has never been codified. On the other hand, already the League of Nations considered the law of the territorial sea as appropriate for codification in the 1930s. And the Geneva Convention on the Territorial Sea and the Contiguous Zone of 1958 was indeed a codification of most rules of international law on the territorial sea known at that time. The remaining issue of the breadth of the territorial sea was finally solved during the Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea: art. 3 of the UN Conven tion on the Law of the Sea of 1982 set it at a limit not exceeding 12 nautical miles. In addition, the right of innocent passage of foreign ships through the territorial sea is regulated in the 1982 Convention in greater detail than ever before, whilst the new regime on the prevention of marine pollution provided in Part XII of the Convention has also considerable impact on this right.
Territorial waters. --- Law of the sea. --- High seas, Jurisdiction over --- Marine law --- Ocean --- Ocean law --- Sea, Law of the --- International law --- Maritime law --- Territorial waters --- Law and legislation --- Limit, Three-mile (Territorial waters) --- Marginal sea (Territorial waters) --- Maritime belt (Territorial waters) --- Territorial sea --- Three-mile limit (Territorial waters) --- Bodies of water --- Jurisdiction, Territorial --- Territory, National --- Contiguous zones (Law of the sea) --- Continental shelf --- Economic zones (Law of the sea) --- Innocent passage (Law of the sea) --- Law of the sea --- International Economic Law, Trade Law. --- Law of the Sea, Air and Outer Space. --- International law. --- Trade. --- Law of nations --- Nations, Law of --- Public international law --- Law
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Capsid Proteins. --- Oncogene Proteins, Viral --- Papillomaviridae --- Repressor Proteins. --- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte --- DNA-Binding Proteins. --- Transcriptional Silencing Factors --- Repressor Molecules --- Proteins, Repressor --- Silencing Factors, Transcriptional --- Capsid Protein --- Viral Outer Coat Protein --- Coat Proteins --- Viral Coat Proteins --- Coat Proteins, Viral --- immunology. --- Theses --- DNA Binding Protein --- DNA Single-Stranded Binding Protein --- SS DNA BP --- Single-Stranded DNA-Binding Protein --- DNA Helix Destabilizing Proteins --- Single-Stranded DNA Binding Proteins --- Binding Protein, DNA --- DNA Binding Proteins --- DNA Single Stranded Binding Protein --- DNA-Binding Protein, Single-Stranded --- Single Stranded DNA Binding Protein --- Single Stranded DNA Binding Proteins --- DNA-Binding Protein --- Protein, DNA-Binding --- Procapsid Protein --- Procapsid Proteins --- Viral Coat Protein --- Viral V Antigens --- Viral V Proteins --- Antigens, Viral V --- Coat Protein, Viral --- V Antigens, Viral --- V Proteins, Viral --- Capsid Proteins --- Repressor Proteins --- DNA-Binding Proteins --- immunology
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Despite ever growing international trade and dispute settlement, a consistent international methodology of uniform private law has yet to be formed. The potential of uniform law has not yet been fully recognised. In this book, the author examines uniform contract law comprehensively in all relevant areas of legal doctrine and practice and considers the barriers which exist toward it in modern nation states, namely in the German and English legal systems. She suggests ways in which these barriers can be overcome and develops an autonomous methodology of interpretation of transnational contract principles. The author wants to encourage the use of existing uniform transnational law rules, such as the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts, which are analysed here as an example.
Contracts. --- Commercial law. --- Contracts --- Commercial law --- International Institute for the Unification of Private Law. --- Business --- Business law --- Commerce --- Law, Commercial --- Mercantile law --- Law --- Law merchant --- Maritime law --- Agreements --- Contract law --- Contractual limitations --- Limitations, Contractual --- Legal instruments --- Obligations (Law) --- Juristic acts --- Liberty of contract --- Third parties (Law) --- Law and legislation --- Environmental law. --- Insurance. --- Law of the Sea, Air and Outer Space. --- International Environmental Law. --- International Economic Law, Trade Law. --- Private International Law, International & Foreign Law, Comparative Law . --- Environmental Law/Policy/Ecojustice. --- Assurance (Insurance) --- Coverage, Insurance --- Indemnity insurance --- Insurance coverage --- Insurance industry --- Insurance protection --- Mutual insurance --- Underwriting --- Finance --- Environment law --- Environmental control --- Environmental protection --- Environmental quality --- Environmental policy --- Sustainable development --- Law of the sea. --- International law. --- International environmental law. --- Trade. --- Private international law. --- Conflict of laws. --- Environmental policy. --- Environment and state --- Environmental management --- State and environment --- Environmental auditing --- Choice of law --- Conflict of laws --- Intermunicipal law --- International law, Private --- International private law --- Private international law --- Legal polycentricity --- International environmental law --- International law --- Common heritage of mankind (International law) --- Law of nations --- Nations, Law of --- Public international law --- High seas, Jurisdiction over --- Marine law --- Ocean --- Ocean law --- Sea, Law of the --- Territorial waters --- Government policy --- Civil law
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