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Le delta du Nil est à la fois le produit d'une histoire longue, celle de sa géologie, et d'une histoire plus courte, celle qui, des premières communautés agricoles jusqu'à nos jours, a vu l'homme aménager et façonner le paysage. Dans un environnement aussi mobile, l'occupation humaine à l'époque pré- et protodynastique (les Ve et IVe millénaires) est ici envisagée dans le contexte des phénomènes naturels qui ont permis l'anthropisation du milieu, mais aussi, inversement, gommé toute trace de cette implantation au fil des siècles. Les zones habitables sont très rares dans le delta égyptien. En s'appuyant sur une étude de cas effectuée dans la région de Samara, plus particulièrement sur le site archéologique de Kôm el-Khilgan, on peut proposer une analyse détaillée d'un site de gezira - le type d'établissement le plus courant dans la région. À partir d'une application géo-archéologique combinant les méthodes de l'archéologie et de la géomorphologie, ce travail vise à resituer la localité dans son environnement naturel et son contexte archéologique, puis à élaborer un modèle de l'occupation humaine du territoire. On peut dès lors envisager, à une autre échelle - celle de la région, puis du delta dans son ensemble -, une analyse spatiale des sites, en considérant les problèmes liés à l'approvisionnement en matières premières, leur intégration dans des réseaux hiérarchiques, ainsi que la place qu'ils ont occupée dans les échanges avec les régions périphériques et le premier commerce égyptien. The Nile Delta was born from both its long geological history and its shorter human one, from the first agricultural communities up to present times during which Man arranged and modelled the landscape. In such a mobile environment, human occupation during the Predynastic and the Early Dynastic period (5th and 4th millennia BC) is considered in the context of natural phenomena which allowed the anthropisation of the territory, but which also erased any trace of the settlements over the last centuries. Habitable areas are very rare in the Nile Delta. Using a case study carried out in the Samara area, more particularly on the Kôm el-Khilgan archaeological site, we propose an analysis of a gezira site, the most common kind of settlement in Lower Egypt. It opens up new perspectives for the space analysis of the sites, considering the questions related to the supply of raw materials, the integration of the localities in different hierarchical networks and the place the sites occupied in the exchanges with the neighbouring areas and in the first Egyptian trade.

Fouilles archéologiques --- Établissements humains préhistoriques --- Protohistoire --- Géomorphologie --- Géoarchéologie --- Kôm el-Khilgan (Égypte ; site archéologique). --- Tell el-Iswid (Égypte ; site archéologique) --- Fouilles archéologiques --- Établissements humains préhistoriques --- Géomorphologie --- Géoarchéologie --- Tell el-Iswid (Égypte ; site archéologique). --- Human settlements --- Archaeological geology --- Excavations (Archaeology) --- Antiquities, Prehistoric --- Prehistoric peoples --- Kom el-Nana (Égypte ; site archéologique) --- Geomorphology --- Nile River Delta (Egypt) --- Egypt

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In 1514 krijgt Rafaël (1483-1520) van paus Leo X (1475-1521) de opdracht om de nieuwe ontvangstruimte in het pauselijke paleis te voorzien van een cyclus over Constantijn de Grote (273 of 280-337). De uitvoering laat echter tot 1520 op zich wachten waardoor Rafaël zelf slechts voor een korte periode heeft kunnen werken in de zaal. Na het overlijden van de meester komt de verantwoordelijkheid bij enkele van zijn assistenten, onder wie Giulio Romano (1499-1546). De Sala di Costantino is in 1524 onder paus Clemens VII (1478-1534) afgewerkt. Het eindresultaat is een frescocyclus over de eerste christelijke keizer gebaseerd op verschillende bronnen, waaronder Lactantius (240-320), Eusebius van Caesera (263-339) en de Silvester-Constantijn legende, met een complexe iconografie. Zoals typerend voor de renaissance zijn duidelijke antieke modellen te herkennen, maar opvallend in de Sala di Costantino is dat er niet enkel Romeinse antieke modellen werden gebruikt, maar ook Egyptische. De piramide, obelisken en zelfs een verschijning van Isis getuigen van een Nachleben van de Egyptische visuele cultuur in cinquecento Rome. Gedurende het quattrocento was er een hernieuwde aandacht ontstaan voor dit land met onderzoek naar de Egyptiserende monumenten in Rome en de Latijnse vertaling van Hermetica door Marsilio Ficino (1433-1499). Deze thesis onderzoekt de Sala di Costantino met aandacht voor de Egyptische of Egyptiserende elementen en de redenen voor hun aanwezigheid.

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Three pharaonic harbours have been found until today on the western Red Sea coast: Wadi el-Jarf, Ayn Soukhna and Mersa/Wadi Gawasis. These harbours were used as the places of departure for seafaring expeditions to the Sinai Peninsula and the land of Punt. The importance of the study of such harbours has grown since the last decades as only recently the site of Wadi el-Jarf was discovered, containing a lot of information about the organisation of expeditions sent by the Egyptian state. This thesis focuses on the anchors found on these three sites. Anchors are important objects as they can give a lot of information about the site on which they were found and about the marine activities of the ancient Egyptians and other civilisations. The study of these objects can result in a typology of anchors. This typology would enable archaeologists to date different types and to later date the contexts in which certain anchors were found. The type of anchor can also reveal their function. This function can aid the analysis of the site organisation. First of all, research on scientific articles about anchors in general was carried out to see if the anchors belonged to a certain type. For this purpose the anchors were also compared to other anchors, from in and outside Egypt, which were believed to be of the Egyptian type. In addition to existing typologies new types are defined based on a list of anchors and their characteristics in an Excel worksheet. Furthermore, the function of the anchors was discussed by analysing the finding context of the anchors and by comparing them to the existing theory about anchors and to the other anchors of the Egyptian type. In conclusion there is a great difficulty to set up a typology for the anchors as these objects are dispersed and rarely found in the location of their manufacture. The Egyptian type of anchor proposed by earlier scholars does not match the anchors which have now actually been found in Egypt. It was however possible to deduct the function of the anchors from their finding context. Additionally, studying the scientific articles and comparing them to the other Egyptian anchors proved to be helpful in this regard. The stone anchors from the Red Sea harbours also have the capacity to prove that at least a part of the ancient Egyptian civilisation did sail the sea, although this had been refused by other scholars. It is important for future research to set up a clear database including all the anchors found at the Red Sea harbours together with their dimensions, features, weight, etc. During this research it was difficult to thouroughly describe the anchors as a lot of the anchors from Wadi el-Jarf and Ayn Soukhna have not been published yet showing all their features and dimensions. The anchors from Mersa/Wadi Gawasis have been published, but these publications lack structure.