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Dissertation
Comment faire les choses : du pluralisme des descriptions de l'action
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Year: 2010 Publisher: Louvain-la-Neuve: UCL,

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Dissertation
EU Autonomy in Crisis Management: Myth or Reality? The Case of Artemis in DR Congo
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Year: 2020 Publisher: Leuven KU Leuven. Faculteit Sociale Wetenschappen

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At a time when the creation of a ‘European Army’ is the subject of growing discussions and debates, this thesis proposes to go back to the roots of the European Union’s military action through a lens that remains largely ignored: the question of EU autonomy. In 2003, the Artemis operation was launched by the EU in support of the UN mission in the Democratic Republic of Congo. The launch of Artemis coincides with the affirmation period of EU autonomy and appears, at first sight, as the practical application of these aspirations. Indeed, it was conducted without recourse to NATO assets and was therefore presented as the first autonomous operation of the EU. However, we consider such assertion as over-simplistic and exaggerated. Indeed, we argue that the UN and the EU member states have been part of the equation and may have exercised control over the operation, which could put into question the fact that Artemis was an autonomous EU operation. Since Artemis was conducted within the European Security and Defense Policy framework, analysing this case in depth and detail could provide more general and broader informations and ideas regarding EU autonomy in crisis management. In order to provide a comprehensive understanding of the concept of autonomy, this thesis discusses four different perspectives. As a first step, we focus on the legal perspective, before discussing the actual decision-making processes. Afterwards, we consider the question of capabilities. Finally, we focus on the implementation stage of the operation.

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Dissertation
From African to European Peace Facility: Integration without supranationalisation?

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A stream of recent academic studies claims that, in the post-Maastricht era, European integration has been achieved without further supranationalisation, to be understood as the empowerment of the traditional supranational institutions, namely the European Commission and the European Parliament. Under this ‘new intergovernmentalist’ model, the European Council and the Council of the EU are considered as “the main catalysts of further policy integration” (Fabbrini & Puetter, 2016, p. 481). The present thesis aims at testing the aforementioned claims, drawing on the case of the European Peace Facility (EPF). Established in 2021, this new instrument has been designed to finance operational actions under the CFSP which have military or defence implications. While the EPF merged existing tools, such as the African Peace Facility and the Athena Mechanism, it also expands the Union’s ability to engage in military support and assistance. The specificities of the EPF highlight a two-way process. On the one hand, the Member States have widened the prerogatives of the Union, which can be interpreted as deeper integration. On the other hand, by retaining the intergovernmental governance of the Athena mechanism, the transition from the APF to the EPF has involved a shift of responsibilities and institutional leadership from the Commission to the Council. This process appears to confirm the theoretical approaches which challenge existing models necessarily associating European integration with the transfer of competence to supranational bodies. Drawing on a set of hypotheses formulated by Bickerton et al. (2014), this paper aims to determine whether or not the propositions of new intergovernmentalism hold true in the context of the EPF. My analysis suggests that, although some features of the EPF are in line with the new intergovernmentalist hypotheses, others deviate from the political and institutional dynamics expected from the post-Maastricht integration process. While proponents of new intergovernmentalism would be right to claim that the Member States have been the catalysts of the EPF creation, their model falls short of conceptualising the role and position of the supranational institutions in this process.

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