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The phenomenon known as metaphor is an extremely complex mental event - we cannot capture its complexity if we tie ourselves to existing standard views on metaphor. This book offers fresh insight into metaphor, updating an established theory, conceptual metaphor theory (CMT), in the context of current cognitive linguistic theory, and clarifying many of the issues that researchers in the study of metaphor have raised against conceptual metaphor theory. Starting with an introduction to CMT, the subsequent chapters set out propositions for Extended Conceptual Metaphor Theory, including a discussion on whether literal language exists at all, whether conceptual metaphors are both conceptual and contextual, and whether they are both offline and online. Providing a fresh take on a constantly developing field, this study will enrich the work of researchers in areas ranging from metaphorical cognition to literary studies.

Lexicology. Semantics --- Psycholinguistics --- Metaphor. --- Cognitive grammar. --- Metaphor --- Cognitive grammar --- Cognitive linguistics --- Grammar, Comparative and general --- Parabole --- Figures of speech --- Reification --- E-books

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'Metonymy' is a type of figurative language used in everyday conversation, a form of shorthand that allows us to use our shared knowledge to communicate with fewer words than we would otherwise need. 'I'll pencil you in' and 'let me give you a hand' are both examples of metonymic language. Metonymy serves a wide range of communicative functions such as textual cohesion, humour, irony, euphemism and hyperbole - all of which play a key role in the development of language and discourse communities. Using authentic data throughout, this book shows how metonymy operates, not just in language, but also in gesture, sign language, art, music, film and advertising. It explores the role of metonymy in cross-cultural communication, along with the challenges it presents to language learners and translators. Ideal for researchers and students in linguistics and literature, as well as teachers and general readers interested in the art of communication.

Lexicology. Semantics --- Metonyms --- Metaphor --- Figures of speech --- Métonymie --- Métaphore --- Figures de rhétorique --- Metonymie --- Alledaags taalgebruik --- Metonyms. --- Metaphor. --- Figures of speech. --- LANGUAGE ARTS & DISCIPLINES --- Engelse taal --- Linguistics --- General. --- Metonymie. --- Engelse taal. --- Language arts & disciplines --- Figures de rhétorique. --- Métonymie. --- Métaphore. --- English language --- Imagery --- Speech, Figures of --- Tropes --- Rhetoric --- Symbolism --- Parabole --- Reification --- Metonymy

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Metaphor theory has shifted from asking whether metaphor is 'conceptual' or 'linguistic' to debating whether it is 'embodied' or 'discursive'. Although recent work in the social and cognitive sciences has yielded clear opportunities to resolve that dispute, the divide between discourse- and cognition-oriented approaches has remained. To unite the field, this book brings together leading metaphor researchers from a number of disciplines. It collects major arguments and presents a wide variety of empirical evidence, placing special emphasis on the embodiment and socio-cultural embeddedness of cognition, as well as the multi-modal and social-interactive nature of communication. It shows that metaphor theory can only profit from an approach that takes multiple perspectives into consideration and tries to account for findings yielded by multiple methodologies. By doing so, it works towards a dynamic, multi-dimensional, socio-cognitive model of metaphor that goes beyond what research traditions have separately achieved.

Cognitive psychology --- Psycholinguistics --- Pragmatics --- Neurosciences cognitives --- Métaphore --- Psycholinguistique --- Neurosciences cognitives. --- Métaphore. --- Psycholinguistique. --- Cognitive neuroscience --- Metaphor --- Language, Psychology of --- Language and languages --- Psychology of language --- Speech --- Linguistics --- Psychology --- Thought and thinking --- Parabole --- Figures of speech --- Reification --- Cognitive neuropsychology --- Cognitive science --- Neuropsychology --- Psychological aspects --- E-books --- Cognitive neuroscience. --- Metaphor. --- Psycholinguistics.

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The rationalist approach to strategizing emphasizes analytical and convergent thinking. Without denying the importance of this approach, this book argues that strategists must learn to complement it with a more creative approach to strategizing that emphasizes synthetic and divergent ways of thinking. The theoretical underpinnings of this approach include embodied realism, interpretivism, practice theory, theory of play, design thinking, as well as discursive approaches such as metaphorical analysis, narrative analysis, dialogical analysis and hermeneutics. The book includes in-depth discussions of these theories and shows how they can be put into practice by presenting detailed analyses of embodied metaphors built by groups of agents with step-by-step explanations of how this process can be implemented and facilitated. The link between theory and practice is further supported by the inclusion of several vignettes that describe how this approach has been successfully employed in a number of organizations, including BASF and UNICEF.

Strategic planning --- Metaphor --- Creative thinking --- Organizational behavior --- Behavior in organizations --- Management --- Organization --- Psychology, Industrial --- Social psychology --- Creative thinking (Education) --- Creative ability --- Thought and thinking --- Parabole --- Figures of speech --- Reification --- Goal setting (Strategic planning) --- Planning, Strategic --- Strategic intent (Strategic planning) --- Strategic management --- Planning --- Business planning --- Social aspects --- E-books --- Strategic planning. --- Creative thinking. --- Organizational behavior. --- Social aspects. --- Business policy --- Business, Economy and Management --- Business Management

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To what extent and in what ways is metaphorical thought relevant to an understanding of culture and society? More specifically: can the cognitive linguistic view of metaphor simultaneously explain both universality and diversity in metaphorical thought? Cognitive linguists have done important work on universal aspects of metaphor, but they have paid much less attention to why metaphors vary both interculturally and intraculturally as extensively as they do. In this book, Zoltán Kövecses proposes a new theory of metaphor variation. First, he identifies the major dimension of metaphor variation, that is, those social and cultural boundaries that signal discontinuities in human experience. Second, he describes which components, or aspects of conceptual metaphor are involved in metaphor variation, and how they are involved. Third, he isolates the main causes of metaphor variation. Fourth Professor Kövecses addresses the issue to the degree of cultural coherence in the interplay among conceptual metaphors, embodiment, and causes of metaphor variation.

Taalvariatie --- Taalvariatie. --- Cognitive grammar --- Language and culture --- Language and languages --- Linguistic universals --- Metaphor --- #KVHA:Cultuur --- #KVHA:Metaforen --- #KVHA:Taalkunde --- Parabole --- Figures of speech --- Reification --- Universals (Linguistics) --- Linguistics --- Typology (Linguistics) --- Characterology of speech --- Language diversity --- Language subsystems --- Language variation --- Linguistic diversity --- Variation in language --- Culture and language --- Culture --- Cognitive linguistics --- Grammar, Comparative and general --- Psycholinguistics --- Variation --- Universals --- Sociolinguistics --- Dialectology --- Metaforen. --- Taal en cultuur. --- Metaphor. --- Linguistic universals. --- Language and culture. --- Cognitive grammar. --- Variation. --- Health Sciences --- Psychiatry & Psychology