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This book analyzes the transformation of ethnic and religious political parties in Turkey with special focus on their role in the country’s democratization and regime changes. Turkey went through a process of autocratization under the rule of the AKP government over the last two decades. Scholars question the structural, agent-centered and cultural factors that led the country on this path, and provide the lessons learnt from this case for other cases of democratic decline or breakdown. This book contributes to this debate. It treats the three national elections (2002, 2007, 2015-June) as opportunities for democratization, in which the Islamist-successor AKP (in 2002, 2007) and the Kurdish-successor HDP (in 2015-June) managed to overcome identity politics and received the organized support from social groups outside of their traditional constituency. This book argues that in a semi-democratic context where repressive acts of the state (e.g. banning of parties, arresting politicians) have been subject to widespread public criticism, confronting the state becomes a salient issue. When these parties manage to frame this issue as one of democracy, they take ownership of it, and this then becomes an opportunity for democratizing the regime. This opportunity, yet, can be missed if the party follows an office-seeking strategy rather than a policy-seeking one. Pelin Ayan Musil is a Senior Researcher at the Institute of International Relations, Prague in the Czech Republic.

Religious studies --- Political systems --- Politics --- religie --- politiek --- Middle East --- Middle East—Politics and government. --- Religion and politics. --- Comparative government. --- Middle Eastern Politics. --- Politics and Religion. --- Comparative Politics.

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This volume focuses on interpreting the changing domestic and regional dynamics in the Arab world and Iran. Its chapters discuss an array of countries, events, actors, and issues - from an examination of the Arab Spring and the Tunisian democratic transition, to an exploration of the role of Saudi-Iranian geostrategic rivalry, to the impact of ethnic and sectarian politics in Syria, Iraq, and across the region. Chapters from expert contributors are organized into three parts. The first section of the volume covers the aspects and dynamics of change in the Arab world. The second examines the role of Islam, Islamism, Islamic governance, and sectarian and ethnic politics in the region. The third section focuses on Iranian domestic and regional politics. Yet the theme of transition is constant throughout as this multidisciplinary book draws connections across countries and events to not only inform about the prevailing regional situation, but also to invite readers to draw their own conclusions as to the future of the Middle East. Collectively the volume provides a fresh interpretation of the changing dynamics of the Arab world and Iran, unpacking the complexities of the disputes, conflicts, rivalries, failed goals, and processes of change and development that have made the Muslim Middle East so turbulent, directionless, and perpetually contested by both regional and international actors.

Internal politics --- International relations. Foreign policy --- politieke wetenschappen --- sociologie --- economie --- politiek --- Islam --- Arab states --- Iran --- Regionalism. --- Middle East—Politics and government. --- Economics. --- Political sociology. --- Islam. --- Middle Eastern Politics. --- International Political Economy. --- Political Sociology. --- 2000-2099 --- Middle East --- Middle East. --- Arabische Staaten --- Pays arabes --- Politics and government --- Politique et gouvernement --- Relations extérieures

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This book explains why the EU is not a ‘normative actor’ in the Southern Mediterranean, and how and why EU democracy promotion fails. Drawing on a combination of discourse analysis of EU policy documents and evidence from opinion polls showing ‘what the people want’, the book shows EU policy fails because the EU promotes a conception of democracy which people do not share. Likewise, the EU’s strategies for economic development are misconceived because they do not reflect the people’s preferences for greater social justice and reducing inequalities. This double failure highlights a paradox of EU democracy promotion: while nominally emancipatory, it de facto undermines the very transitions to democracy and inclusive development it aims to pursue. Andrea Teti is Senior Lecturer at the University of Aberdeen, UK, and Co-Director of the Centre for Global Security and Governance. Pamela Abbott is Director of the Centre for Global Development and a professor in the School of Education at the University of Aberdeen, UK. Valeria Talbot is Senior Research Fellow and Co-Head of the MENA Centre at the Italian Institute for International Political Studies, Milan, Italy. Paolo Maggiolini is Research Fellow and Adjunct Professor at the Catholic University of Milan, Italy.

Political systems --- International relations. Foreign policy --- Politics --- International law --- politiek --- democratie --- Europese instellingen --- internationale organisaties --- internationale betrekkingen --- Middle East --- Europe --- European Union. --- International relations. --- Democracy. --- Middle East—Politics and government. --- International organization. --- European Union Politics. --- Foreign Policy. --- Middle Eastern Politics. --- International Organization.

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This book addresses critical aspects of the nationalization of labour markets in the Gulf countries. It examines the role of higher education institutions in providing the market with the right skills that are most needed in the era of the fourth industrial revolution (industry 4.0). The book also explores the new dynamics of technology and information systems in upgrading the skills, changing the work environment, and generating employment for the youth in the Gulf countries. The holistic approach of the subject area makes this volume indispensable to academics, researchers, students, and policy makers in the Gulf region and beyond. The book covers a broad range of topics including the nationalization of labour market programmes such as Emiratization and Saudization, attitudes toward women in workplace, the role of high-tech firms in upskilling and enhancing the productivity of workforce, while also providing sector-specific investigations in healthcare, banking, finance, tourism, and hospitality. The analysis is based on original research and primary data collected by a group of scholars from 15 countries and presented in an illustrative, accessible, and concise manner. Ashraf Mishrif is Oman Chamber of Commerce and Industry Chair in Economic Studies at Sultan Qaboos University. Prior to that, he was Associate Professor at King’s College London and has taught in several universities including Qatar University, Anglia Ruskin University (Cambridge) and University of Greenwich in London. Magdalena Karolak is Associate Professor of Humanities and Social Sciences at Zayed University, UAE. Prior to working at Zayed University, Dr. Karolak held Assistant Professor positions in Bahrain and Saudi Arabia. She holds PhD in a linguistics. Cameron Mirza is the Chief of Party for Pre-Service Teacher Education in Jordan, a USAID program, since 2020. His work focuses on improving the quality of pre-service school teachers. In 2021 he launched a new pre-service teaching diploma with 4 public universities. .

Politics --- Labour economics --- Foreign trade. International trade --- Economics --- economie --- politiek --- arbeid --- wereldeconomie --- internationale economie --- Middle East --- North Africa --- International economic relations. --- Labor economics. --- Middle East—Economic conditions. --- Africa, North—Economic conditions. --- Middle East—Politics and government. --- International Political Economy’. --- Labor Economics. --- Middle Eastern/North African Economics. --- Middle Eastern Politics.