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This book studies the connections between the political reform of the Holy Roman Empire and the German lands around 1500 and the sixteenth-century religious reformations, both Protestant and Catholic. It argues that the character of the political changes (dispersed sovereignty, local autonomy) prevented both a general reformation of the Church before 1520 and a national reformation thereafter. The resulting settlement maintained the public peace through politically structured religious communities (confessions), thereby avoiding further religious strife and fixing the confessions into the Empire's constitution. The Germans' emergence into the modern era as a people having two national religions was the reformation's principal legacy to modern Germany.

Christian church history --- History of Germany and Austria --- anno 1600-1699 --- anno 1400-1499 --- anno 1500-1599 --- Reformation --- Réforme (Christianisme) --- Germany --- Allemagne --- Church history. --- History. --- Histoire religieuse --- Histoire --- -284.1 <43> "15" --- Protestant Reformation --- Church history --- Counter-Reformation --- Protestantism --- Lutheraanse hervorming. Reformatie van Luther--Duitsland --"15" --- History --- Réforme (Christianisme) --- 284.1 <43> "15" --- Arts and Humanities

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Civic Christianity in Renaissance Italy explores the often subtle and sometimes harsh realities of life on the Venetian mainland. Focusing on the confraternity of Santa Maria dei Battuti and its Ospedale, the book addresses a number of well-established and newly articulated historiographical questions: the governance of territorial states, the civic and religious role of confraternities, the status of women and marginalized groups, and popular religious devotion. Adapting the objectives and methods of microhistory, D'Andrea has written neither a traditional history of political subjugation nor a straightforward survey of poor relief. Instead, thematic chapters survey the activities of a powerful religious brotherhood [Santa Maria dei Battuti] and document the interconnected local, regional, and international factors that fashioned the social world of Venetian subjects.
Grounded in previously unexplored archival material, the book is an innovative study of the nexus between local religion and Venetian territorial power, providing scholars with this first scholarly monograph of the city that served as the keystone of Venice's mainland empire. This original approach to the critical relationship between provincial powers and the central government also contributes to other important areas of historical inquiry, including the history of popular religion, poor relief, medicine, and education.

David D'Andrea is Associate Professor of History at Oklahoma State University.

History of Italy --- Christian church history --- anno 1400-1499 --- anno 1500-1599 --- Treviso --- Santa Maria dei battuti (Confraternity : Treviso, Italy) --- Ospedale di Santa Maria dei Battuti (Treviso, Italy) --- Treviso (Italy) --- Trévise (Italie) --- Church history --- Histoire religieuse --- History. --- Church history. --- Trévise (Italie) --- Hospital of Santa Maria dei Battuti (Treviso, Italy) --- S. Maria dei Battuti di Treviso (Hospital) --- Ospedale civile di Treviso --- HISTORY / Europe / General.

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Originating in the deserts of northern Africa in the early years of Christianity, anchoritism, or the enclosed solitary life, gradually metamorphosed into a permanent characteristic of European religiosity; from the twelfth century onwards, and throughout the middle ages, it was embraced with increasing enthusiasm, by devoted laywomen in particular. This book investigates the wider cultural importance of medieval anchoritism within the different religious landscapes and climates of the period. Drawing upon a range of contemporary gender and spatial theories, it focuses on the gender dynamics of this remarkable way of life, and the material spaces which they generated and within which they operated. As such, it unites related - but too often discrete - areas of scholarship, including early Christian anchoritism, anchoritic guidance texts and associated works, fourteenth and fifteenth-century holy women with close anchoritic connections, and a range of other less known works dealing with or connected to the anchoritic life. Dr LIZ HERBERT MCAVOY is Senior Lecturer in Gender in English and Medieval Studies at Swansea University

Christian church history --- Christian spirituality --- Hermits --- Women and religion --- Femmes et religion --- History --- Histoire --- Europe --- Church history --- Histoire religieuse --- -Women hermits --- -Women and religion --- -271.791 --- Religion and women --- Women in religion --- Religion --- Sexism in religion --- Anchorites --- Eremites --- Persons --- Hermitages --- Recluses --- -History --- -Anachoreten. Stylieten. Kluizenaars. Eremieten. Reclusen --- Council of Europe countries --- Eastern Hemisphere --- Eurasia --- -Hermits --- Women hermits --- 271.791 Anachoreten. Stylieten. Kluizenaars. Eremieten. Reclusen --- Anachoreten. Stylieten. Kluizenaars. Eremieten. Reclusen --- 271.791 --- anchoritism. --- early Christian anchoritism. --- gender dynamics. --- material spaces. --- medieval life. --- Sex

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Martin Luther - monk, priest, intellectual, or revolutionary - has been a controversial figure since the sixteenth century. Most studies of Luther stress his personality, his ideas, and his ambitions as a church reformer. In this book, Christopher Ocker brings a new perspective to this topic, arguing that the different ways people thought about Luther mattered far more than who he really was. Providing an accessible, highly contextual, and non-partisan introduction, Ocker says that religious conflict itself served as the engine of religious change. He shows that the Luther affair had a complex political anatomy which extended far beyond the borders of Germany, making the debate an international one from the very start. His study links the Reformation to pluralism within western religion and to the coexistence of religions and secularism in today's world.

2 LUTHER, MARTIN --- 284.1 --- 284.1 Lutheraanse hervorming. Reformatie van Luther --- Lutheraanse hervorming. Reformatie van Luther --- 2 LUTHER, MARTIN Godsdienst. Theologie--LUTHER, MARTIN --- Godsdienst. Theologie--LUTHER, MARTIN --- Luther, Martin, --- Luther, Maarten --- Lutherus, Martinus --- Lutero, Martin --- Luther, Martin --- Christian church history --- Reformation. --- Church history. --- Europe --- History. --- Réforme protestante --- Christianisme --- Histoire religieuse --- Luter, Martinos, --- Lutr, Martin, --- Лютер, Мартін, --- Li︠u︡ter, Martin, --- Luter, Marcin, --- Luther, Maarten, --- Lutero, Martín, --- Luther, Martinus, --- Luther, Márton, --- Luther, Martti, --- Luther, Martí, --- Lutʻŏ, --- Lūtœ̄, Mātīn, --- D. M. L. A., --- Luters, Mārtiņš, --- Luter, Marṭin, --- Luther, Marczin, --- Rutā, Marutin, --- Joerg, Junker, --- לוטהער, מארטין --- לוטהער, מארטין, --- לותר --- 路德马丁, --- Luttar Cāstiriyār, --- Cāstiriyār, Luttar, --- ルター マルティン, --- Лютэр, Марцін, --- Li︠u︡tėr, Martsin, --- Лутер, Мартин, --- Liuteris, Martynas, --- Lutawm, Matees, --- Lu-toe, Ma-ti, --- Lotera, Martin, --- Lusā, Mātaṅʻ, --- Lūthœ̄, Mātin, --- Luta, Martin, --- Lute̳e̳r, Martẽ, --- Lūthar, Mārṭin, --- Réforme protestante

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"Public religious practice lay at the heart of civic society in late medieval Europe. In this illuminating study, Andrew Brown draws on the rich and previously little-researched archives of Bruges, one of medieval Europe's wealthiest and most important towns, to explore the role of religion and ceremony in urban society. The author situates the religious practices of citizens - their investment in the liturgy, commemorative services, guilds and charity - within the contexts of Bruges' highly diversified society and of the changes and crises the town experienced. Focusing on the religious processions and festivities sponsored by the municipal government, the author challenges much current thinking on, for example, the nature of 'civic religion'. Re-evaluating the ceremonial links between Bruges and its rulers, he questions whether rulers could dominate the urban landscape by religious or ceremonial means, and offers new insight into the interplay between ritual and power of relevance throughout medieval Europe"--

Civil religion --- Rites and ceremonies --- Bruges --- --Religion --- --Rite --- --Cérémonie --- --Vie religieuse --- --Coutume --- --Histoire de l'Église --- --Bruges (Belgium) --- Bruges (Belgium) --- Religion --- Religious life and customs --- Church history --- Municipal ceremonial --- History --- Religion. --- Religious life and customs. --- Church history. --- Religion civile --- -27 <493 BRUGGE> --- 248.1 --- 264-057 --- Religion, Civil --- Chauvinism and jingoism --- Ceremonies --- Kerkgeschiedenis--België--BRUGGE --- Ascetische theologie --- Processies --- Geschiedenis van België: graafschap Vlaanderen; provincie West-Vlaanderen--(reg./lok.)--BRUGGE --- -Bruges (Belgium) --- -Religion. --- 949.33 BRUGGE Geschiedenis van België: graafschap Vlaanderen; provincie West-Vlaanderen--(reg./lok.)--BRUGGE --- 264-057 Processies --- 248.1 Ascetische theologie --- -Rites and ceremonies --- 949.33 BRUGGE --- Cult --- Cultus --- Ecclesiastical rites and ceremonies --- Religious ceremonies --- Religious rites --- Rites of passage --- Traditions --- -Brugge (Belgium) --- Brujas (Belgium) --- Bri︠u︡gge (Belgium) --- Bruga (Belgium) --- Brucke Villa (Belgium) --- Brudgias (Belgium) --- Brugae Flandrorum (Belgium) --- Brugiae (Belgium) --- Brugias (Belgium) --- Brugis (Belgium) --- Flandrense Municipium (Belgium) --- 27 <493 BRUGGE> --- Ritualism --- Manners and customs --- Mysteries, Religious --- Ritual --- Nationalism --- Religion and culture --- Religion and state --- Religious aspects --- Brugge (Belgium) --- Christian church history --- History of Belgium and Luxembourg --- anno 1400-1499 --- anno 1300-1399 --- anno 1500-1599 --- Rites et cérémonies --- Bruges (Belgique) --- Vie religieuse --- Histoire religieuse --- Arts and Humanities --- Civil religion - Belgium - Bruges --- Rites and ceremonies - Belgium - Bruges --- Rite --- Cérémonie --- Coutume --- Histoire de l'Église --- Bruges (Belgium) - Religion --- Bruges (Belgium) - Religious life and customs --- Bruges (Belgium) - Church history